The Munich Agreement of September 1938 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Munich Agreement of September 1938 - Essay Example This has settled on these states consider the understanding as a Munich direct, whose point was to permit the Germans to proceed with the control of the Czechoslovakia land. The paper will talk about the reasons why Neville Chamberlain consented to the Munich Arrangement. Why Neville Chamberlain consented to the Munich Arrangement Neville Chamberlain was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom at the time the Berlin understanding was marked in Munich Germany. He is viewed as a moderate government official who works under the pacification strategy. All through his residency in office as British Prime Minister, he is depicted as a pioneer who rehearsed hostile to war arrangements and would do everything conceivable to guarantee that harmony win. This saw him consent to the Munich Arrangement in spite of being scorned and marked as a defeatist. This is on the grounds that, Chamberlain considered the issue that was bringing contradiction among Germany and Czechoslovakia as something whi ch could be comprehended strategically (Caputi 2000 p.187). He, along these lines, looked for a conciliatory course by having a go at everything conceivable to persuade Hitler who was highly restricted to the consent to surrender, consent to the arrangement, and maintain a strategic distance from war ((McDonough 1998). One of the primary reasons Chamberlain consented to the Munich Arrangement was to guarantee that Britain kept up super force status in Europe, both regarding the economy and majestic force. McDonough (1998 p.4) contends that chamberlain was an emphatic legislator who was reasonable and capable however was a lot of mindful that Britain was not in a position both military or monetarily to keep up control of the world. He, in this way, needed Britain to hold its impact in Europe and hold the freedom of Britain. For Britain to accomplish its strategic, felt that the most ideal approach to do this was by evading a universal war, which was famous (Parker 1993 P.48). He was, in this manner, obliged to consent to the arrangement so Britain can stay super power both monetarily and supremely. For a nation to go into war, it needs to get backing of the country for it to be fruitful. Chamberlain consented to the arrangement since he didn't know with regards to whether he could get the help of his nation on the off chance that he acknowledged to go into war (Grayson 2001). Prior to the consenting to of the arrangement, Chamberlain continued looking for the country and bureau support in his arrangement Z technique on the off chance that war was unavoidable. He, be that as it may, didn't get the sort of help, which made him question whether his country would tail him into war. This provoked him to consent to the arrangement to maintain a strategic distance from analysis from his country (Caputi 2000 p.187). War is constantly connected with significant expenses, as it requires utilization of assets, weapons stores and the military (Rowe 2004). Chamberlain felt that it was honorable to for him to think about consenting to the Munich Arrangement, which would keep Britain from bringing about such overwhelming expenses related with war. This shows Chamberlain was not restricted to war as certain students of history marked him as a quitter however rather he was being guided by virtues. It is just Germany that was set up to pay these expenses by guaranteeing that the battle for the extension of Nazi Germans in Czechoslovakia. Chamberlain and legislature of France were anyway much contradicted to exposing their countries to these expenses since the current issue to them was not worth the expenses. This is found in the Munich question that doing battle need solid reason, ability, munititions stockpiles and the men, which to Chamberlain and Daladier were missing as indicated by Caputi (2000 p.192). Subsequently, Chamberlain had no real option except to consent to the Berlin Arrangement. It is

The Great Depression Essays (449 words) - Financial Crises

The Great Depression THE GREAT DEPRESSION The time of 1929 started a timeframe of repulsiveness in America. It was the start of the incredible wretchedness. A period wherein many lost their jobs,became homeless,and went hungry. Numerous individuals needed to live off the sustenance of weeds or some worked fifty - five hours and just earned seventy - five pennies. The reason for the downturn was the securities exchange crash of 1929 referred to speculators as Black Tuesday. Dark Tuesday is supposed to be the most stunning monetary occasion throughout the entire existence of the US. Not exclusively did the financial exchange costs drop definitely yet the business world was cut down with it. Swelling additionally rose due to the accident. The accident that happened on October of 1929 made Americans lose Thirty billion dollars,and the American dollar esteem was 90% short of what it was preceding October of 1929. Discount and retail food costs dropped 40% and ranch costs dropped over 60%. Around 4,000,000 families were left jobless and on help bolster just getting fifteen dollars every month. On account of the accident the legislature was required to set new guidelines with respect to showcase exchange. The explanation behind this was to endeavor to forestall another securities exchange crash from occurring later on. The downturn achieved numerous issues in addition to the fact that people had to stress over joblessness they likewise needed to stress over wrongdoing. Numerous Americans attempted to get pain free income by participating in robberies,kidnappings,and murders. In 1935 hoodlums out numbered woodworkers four to one, merchants six to one, and specialists twenty to one. In the mid west, criminals with fired firearms and Tommy Gun were a typical thing. In huge urban communities the hoodlums were bringing in cash off of extortion,prositution and auto burglary. Incredible DEPRESSION TIMELINE 1929 Herbert Hoover became president Financial exchange crash starts on October 24 financial specialists call October 29 Black Tuesday Misfortunes for the month are sixteen billion congress passes Agricultural Marketing Act to help ranchers until they can stand up 1930 By February, Federal Reserve slice prime loan fee 6% to 4% The smoot-Hawley Tariff passes on June 17 Democrats gain in congressional decisions yet at the same time don't have dominant part The GNP bombs 9.4% and joblessness rate climbs 3.2% to 8.7% 1931 A subsequent financial frenzy happens in the spring The GNP falls another 8.5% Joblessness ascends to 15.9% 1932 This year and one year from now are the most exceedingly terrible of the downturn GNP falls a record 13.4% Joblessness falls another 23.6% Congress makes the reproduction money partnership Congress passes the government home credit bank act Congress passes the glass steagall demonstration of 1932 1933 Roosevelt initiated Third financial frenzy happens Congress passes the Emergency Banking Bill,The ranch credit Act,and National Industrial Recovery Act 1934 Gnp rises 7.7% Joblessness falls 21.7% 1935 GNP rises 8.1% Joblessness falls 20.1% 1936 GNP rises 14.1% Joblessness tumbles to 16.9% American History Essays

Steps to Writing a Good Research Paper

Steps to Writing a Good Research PaperMaking sure that your steps to writing a good research paper are followed by the proper discipline and strategy is extremely important. You need to make sure that you get your plan down before you begin writing. As long as you know what you want to write about, then you will be able to create the best possible outline.Before you begin your research paper, you should set a goal. Write down the goals of the paper, as well as how you want it to go. Having a defined goal will help you stay on track and focus on one thing at a time.When you are developing your research paper, you will need to use the same method you will use when you are writing a class paper. Research is the key to all writing and will be used throughout the paper. As long as you stay with the same method, you will be able to make the most of your information and research and in turn make the most of your paper.The best way to get ideas for writing a research paper is to sit down and brainstorm. As you sit down to brainstorm, you should ask yourself what your main theme is going to be. This will allow you to keep your paper on track and organize.Your steps to writing a research paper include writing a conclusion that will summarize your entire paper. Creating a conclusion will help you be able to find things that you may have not written about. While you are completing this step, it is important that you begin to outline your main points.To make sure that you are doing the right steps to writing a research paper, make sure that you sit down and start writing your outline. This will make it easier for you to find your main ideas and build the rest of your paper around them. If you find that you need more information, then you can always visit the library to find your information.The main ideas that you are going to be presenting will be covered throughout your outline. Make sure that you are getting everything down on paper and that you are following the steps t o writing a good research paper. Your research paper is a masterpiece that you are creating, so be sure that you do not leave anything out or get something wrong.The steps to writing a research paper is the best way to make sure that you are writing the best possible paper. You will be able to take all of your research and use it to write the best paper that you possibly can. Do not take any shortcuts when you are writing, and follow the tips outlined above to make sure that you are getting the best results.

A Short Story - 952 Words

Festivities filled the Chamkar Mohn quarter of Phnom Penh; fragrant arrangements of jasmine and chrysanthemum, piles of wild fruits, and vermillion decorations filled every corner of the neighborhood. Petite candles and spherical paper lanterns pushed the glimmer of the stars and moon out of sight and lit the streets as men inside of large tiger costumes performed dances. A roaring of drums and the melody of Chinese-imported instruments filled the air and thundered in my chest. Inside of my house, well-dressed men and women presented themselves to my father with gifts wrapped in silk ribbon, Ang Pao envelopes, fine artwork, and many handcrafted items. The country’s finest bakers and chefs offered golden and sterling silver platters†¦show more content†¦The gentle glistening of the sun fell gracefully on my mother, who looked distressed and dispirited. Putting aside what she was doing, my mother locked her arms around me in a tight embrace. â€Å"Did you pack your old pictures and Taekwondo trophies, son?† my mother asked caringly. â€Å"No, mother. I left them organized in my drawer, so they’ll be here when I return.† I answered. It was almost time for me to leave to the airport with my father, so I said my farewells to my brothers and sisters. My youngest sister, always beaming with energy asked, â€Å"Bong Proh, will you come back? Will you make sure to visit us?† â€Å"Yes, of course I will, Oun. And the next time I see, you will be all grown.† I replied in reassurement. Months had passed, and my father had returned to Cambodia already. I was now living in what felt like a disparate world, brimming with many men and women with pale complexions, who spoke a brash language, lacking in rhythm. California was alien to me--America was alien to me. Knowing only some English, I persisted in my attempt to study for a bachelors degree in education at California State University, Long Beach. Father sent me money for rent and tuition every month, but soon, I stopped receiving mail from him. On the news one morning, I listened to President Nixon address a few words regarding the fall of Cambodia and the mass genocide that had taken place. I had already known the country wasShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

Should Evolution be Taught in Schools Essay - 759 Words

Evolution has been taught in all public schools for as long as many can recall. Though the process of evolution is not the only theory, schools have been teaching it as if it is the complete truth, ignoring other aspects and only focusing and targeting on Darwins theory of Evolution. However, there are still many other ideas that the students should be informed of as well because all are theories, all are hypothetic. Teaching of the evolution theory have yet to be proven reliable and confirmed by all scientists, thus it should not be taught in schools and should be left for students to wonder and discover by themselves. Teaching of evolution has several issues. One of the main issue is that it is unfair to some students with a†¦show more content†¦422.,. If Darwins theory is confirmed to be unreliable and false in later generations, what would have the society been teaching students? It would all be lies. Not teaching the theory would eliminate chance of spreading one of th e largest myths in the history of the Earth. Speaking from scientific view, Darwins theory has many loop- holes, according to Charles Darwin, according to Darwin himself might sound better (nwcreation.net)†¦I am quite conscious that my speculations run beyond the bounds of true science†¦.It is a mere rag of an hypothesis with as many flaw[s] holes as sound parts.† Charles Darwin to Asa Gray, cited by Adrian Desmond and James Moore, Darwin, (New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1991) pp. 456, 475. It violates the Law of Themodynamics, which state that energy cannot be lost or gained, only transformed different types of energy. However, the big bang theory of Darwins Evolution guess is that the Earth suddenly gained a huge burst of energy that created life, which is complete paradox of the Law. Since the Law of Thermodynamics is approved by all scientist while--which the Evolution/ Big bang theory is still in doubt, this would make the theory of Evolution unreliable and possibly false. Evolution is one of the less perfect solutions to explaining theShow MoreRelatedEvolution Should be Taught in Schools Essay678 Words   |  3 PagesEvolution and Creationism are both fact and theory but the question is which one should be taught in schools? Only a few school distracts have approved the teaching of evolution because it has more senitific evidence than creationism to prove that it is true. According to a new Gallup poll, just 39% of Americans believe in evolution. The Gallup polls also show that those Americans with higher education believe in the theory of evolution as opposed to those with only high school diplomas. The pollsRead MoreShould Intelligent Design and/or Creationism Be Taught Alongside Evolution in Public Schools?641 Words   |  3 PagesThere are many controversies in courtrooms about whether or not should intelligent design should be taught alongside evolution in public schools, which has been going on for a great amount of years. Intelligent design is the idea of natures changes cannot be a random process, but a type of guidance must have lead to why nature is the way it is in today’s era. In most cases, that specific guidance is God. God has created the world for a purpose. Creationism is the same idea as intelligent designRead MoreCreationism vs. Evolutionism in Public Schools1538 Words   |  7 PagesCreationism vs. Evolution in Schools: 1st Affirmative Constructive Speech Creationism and Evolutionism by definition are very different topics. Currently, evolutionary naturalism is the most widely taught view of origins in America. In schools in the modern day, only evolutionism is taught and condoned. But before the 1920s, only creationism was taught, and evolution was forbidden. Then, on February 20, 2008, the Florida State Board of Education voted to revise the public school guidelines to requireRead MoreCreationism Isnt Science but Belongs in Schools Essay849 Words   |  4 PagesCreationism Isnt Science but Belongs in Schools The origin of life has been a point of discussion for as long as history has been documented. Ancient Egyptians believed that the sun god Ra took another form, created land from a watery abyss and created everything, including gods and humans. The Iroquois, a tribe of Native Americans, told a story of god to human lineage that resulted in twins, one being evil and one being good. The good twin creates a picture perfectRead MoreA Number Of Years About Evolution And Creationism1592 Words   |  7 PagesThe Gallup organization has asked three questions for a number of years about evolution and creationism. Question one: Do you think God created humans pretty much in our present form at one time within the last 10,000 years? Question two: Do you think we developed over millions of years from less advanced forms of life, but God guided this process, including our creation? The third question: Do you think we have developed over millions of years from less advanced forms of life, and God had no partRead MoreEssay on Creationsim vs. Evolution794 Words   |  4 PagesCreationsim vs. Evolution For a long time school administrators, teachers, parents and even students have argued for and against the teaching of either creation and/or evolution. Evolution has been taught in many public schools for generations because of the scientific methods and support it has as a scientific theory of how we as humans came to be. Many religions hold different views of how humanity as we know it was created and these people believe that students should be able to hearRead MoreThe Scopes Trial And Creationism1053 Words   |  5 PagesCreationism and Evolution have always been a topic in America since the Scopes Trial. The Scopes Trial took place in 1928 when the Supreme Court was deciding whether schools should teach Evolution or Creationism. The foundation of evolution is based upon the belief that the origin of all ordered complex systems, including living creatures, can be explained by natural laws without the intervention of God. In that trial the Supreme Court came to a conclusion that Evolution was banned and that creationismRead MoreCreationism : A Theory Of Primordial History1585 Words   |  7 Pagesand debated phenomena in the history of education is that the hypothetical concept of evolution which can be considered as a theory of primordial history, moreover with the belief of creationism. Both have had an astounded impact in the framework of contemporary education should or should not be taught in the public classroom. Evolutionists and Creationists both have their reasons why their beliefs should be taught in the public classroom. The matter of the fact is that both of these are consideredRead MoreEvolution Of Science Classes At School1653 Words   |  7 PagesBeing raised in a Christian family, I have attended Catholic school my whole life. That being said, I have grown up studying Bible stories since before I can remember. Probably the most prominent and well-known of these stories in Christian theology is, of course, the story of creation. To this day, I still remember how the story goes. On the first day, God created the earth and daylight. For six days after, he continued creation and included the sky, the ocean, plants, animals, and humans. GrowingRead MoreA Case Against Evolution Of Public Schools1082 Words   |  5 Pages A Case Against Evolution in Public Schools Evolution is the most popular theory currently taught in public high schools, and is widely accepted as a sound scientific concept to teach. However, it is equally true that many disagree with evolution and many of its concepts as an explanation of the origin of life on our planet, and it is thus my opinion that evolution should not even be taught in public science classes, as it is not scientifically sound, nor should be a part of a wide variety of concepts

The Fall Of The House Of Usher - 1612 Words

The second message of Poe s The Fall of the House of Usher is that moral disintegration should necessarily lead to destruction as a sort of mundane punishment. Usher blames himself for burying his sister before death so he expects punishment. One conclusion to be drawn from the final scene is that Roderick dies of fear. Madeline appears in her coffin and rushes upon him and he falls to the floor a corpse. Symbolically Madeline is just a physical embodiment of Roderick’s fears and punishment. With Roderick s death, the bloodline of the family falls and the house collapses all at the same time at the story’s conclusion. The house could be thought of as a third member of the Usher family: Roderick, Madeline, and the House. Hoeveler states that the house itself is like a self-created grave, wherein Roderick â€Å" literally walls his abjected self/his ‘sister’ into.† (Hoeveler 394) Louise Kaplan sees that there is an ambiguous relationship between the destruction of the house of Usher and the moral order. It appears to her that there is an incestuous relationship between the twins and this means moral disintegration. So such destruction of the house and death of the twins can be an attempt to preserve the moral order. (Kaplan 52) Poe makes death and decay frightening because he reveals them to be the hidden destiny of everyone and everything. And this leads to the third message that death is the truth we all fear. The general and only message transmitted in all of Poe sShow MoreRelatedThe Fall Of The House Of Usher1243 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Fall Of The House Of Usher:† The Mysterious Family In the story â€Å" The Fall of the House of Usher† by Edgar Allan Poe, has an American romanticism with its characters. Edgar Allan Poe is considered a Dark Romanticism because of the way he writes his poems and short stories centered around the concept of evil human nature, darkness, and death. Roderick and Madeline Usher were said to be related during the middle of the story; they were twins. It explained how they were sick, Roderick had a mentalRead MoreThe Fall of the House of Usher700 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† is a classic horror story written by Edgar Allen Poe. Edgar wrote descriptively through the physical setting, the first person point of view, and the uniquely dynamic characters. These elements worked together to create suspense and kept the readers curious. The first fiction of element begins in the very first paragraph. The unknown narrator described the day as a â€Å"dull, dark, and soundless day in the autumn of the year†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The setting while the narrator wasRead MoreThe Fall of the House of Usher1239 Words   |  5 PagesA young man ran away from a heap of ruins. He had witnessed the death of his best friend and his home but he ran away as it happened. At the moment, all was silent and not even a squeak could be heard. But if a house collapsed in the middle of a forest, and no one was around to hear it, did it make a sound? With such wonders, death, and darkness also come the work of Edgar Allan Poe. Edgar Allan Poe is known as a literature legend. He wrote many complicated horror and detective fiction stories, whichRead MoreThe Fall Of The House Of Usher856 Words   |  4 PagesThe Fall of the House of Usher and House Taken Over In Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† and Julio Cortazar’ â€Å"House Taken Over† the short stories represent the genre of Gothic Literature. Gothic Literature is a genre that combines fiction, horror, death, and romance. Some of these traits are seen in both of these stories through characters and settings. However, there are other traits that set them apart. To begin with, one of the major themes in both of these stories is fear. InRead MoreThe Fall Of The House Of Usher1285 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† has been noted as one of Edgar Allan Poe’s most famous short stories. The story begins when the narrator arrives at the house of his friend, Roderick Usher. Roderick is ill and has been living his life deeply reclusive. His sister Madeline suffers from a sensory disorder and is considered to be dead. The narrator attempts to comfort Roderick and alleviate his melancholy by reading a story that appears to foreshadow later events. In this story, Poe provides his audienceRead MoreThe Fall Of The House Of Usher1727 Words   |  7 PagesFate’s Influence in â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† Depressing imagery, confrontation of death, and the intense madness humans are capable of are all themes integrated into Edgar Allan Poe’s stories. The psychology of the human psyche prompted him to create the complex tales that made him famous. Poe’s story of obsession and the power of suggestion is beautifully written through the narrator’s tale. In â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher†, the characters portray the self-manifesting development of one’sRead MoreThe Fall Of The House Of Usher1133 Words   |  5 Pagesthe story â€Å" The Fall of the House of Usher† by Edgar Allan Poe, has american romanticism with the characters. Edgar Allan Poe is considered a Dark Romanticism because of his poems and short stories centered around the ideas of evil human nature, darkness, and death. Roderick Usher and Madeline were that kind of person in this story; they were twins. There were sick; Roderick had mental disorder and physically and Madeline wa s physically sick. As the narrator enters the desolate house, he finds bothRead MoreThe Fall Of The House Of Usher2041 Words   |  9 Pagesfact that he makes a smooth transition from symbolism to allegory in his writings. Edgar Allan Poe uses a more gothic style of writing that gives his science fiction literature unique character. One of Poe’s more popular stories is â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† in which he uses deep symbolism and imagery to tell the story. Although both short stories portray critical use of allegory and symbolism, it is based upon opinion as to which story is the more superior. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is more superiorRead MoreThe Fall Of The House Of Usher888 Words   |  4 Pages Edgar Allen Poe’s short story The Fall of the House of Usher was very captivating. Once I began reading the story I couldn’t put the book down till I was done. I believe the protagonist in the story was Roderick Usher. I always assumed a protagonist to be heroic in some way. Roderick Usher’s character, however, was not heroic. Usher was not only a hypochondriac, but he was a mentally and physically sick man. I have no doubt that a lot of his mental and physical maladies sprouted from yearsRead MoreThe Fall Of The House Of Usher1651 Words   |  7 PagesRomanticism/Transcendentalism Essay Edgar Allen Poe’s â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher,† Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil,† and William Cullen Bryant’s â€Å"Thanatopsis† illustrate several Romantic and Transcendentalist (and anti-Transcendentalist) traits. All of these authors are regarded as very important and influential Romantic writers. Their works are renowned all across the entire world. â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† is a Gothic short story written by Edgar Allen Poe, which focuses

Charitable Trusts in Ireland free essay sample

One of the most significant changes made by the Charities Act 2009 came in s. 39 of that Act, which established a ‘Charities Regulatory Body’ to regulate charities. Case law still largely defines ‘charitable purpose’. The main advantage of being classified as a charitable purpose trust is that many of the disadvantages which would apply otherwise can be avoided; the rule against perpetuities doesn’t apply (although the trust must vest in a perpetuity period); the rule against having non-human beneficiaries can be ignored; and certain tax exemptions accrue. The case of Christ’s Hospital v Grainger was the case in which it was held that a gift over from a charity to a charity isn’t subject to the rules against perpetuities. The Cy-Pres jurisdiction of the Courts allows them to get involved to monitor charities so if their purpose changes or the charity comes to an end it allows orders to be made about the property so that it is used for a purpose as similar as possible to the purpose of the original charity. Definition of ‘charity’: The old legislation in this area didn’t set out a definition, but the preambles set out examples of what might be considered charitable purposes; the Courts expanded this definition based on ‘the spirit of the preamble’. There are four categories of charitable trusts set out in Pemsel’s Case by Lord MacNaughton. These are trusts for: 1)The relief of poverty; 2)The advancement of education; 3)The advancement of religion; 4)Other purposes beneficial to the community. There was always a difficulty with the fourth factor given its possible very wide scope. Therefore the 2009 Act sets out a list of purposes that are encompassed in the fourth category in s. 3(11) (e. g. protection of the environment). In Ireland and England, in order for a trust to qualify as ‘charitable’, it must not only serve one of the above purposes, but it must also serve the public benefit, and pass the ‘public benefit test’. The list is not intended to be exhaustive. In England they have s. 2 of the Charities Act 2006 to define charitable purposes. The 2009 Act includes e. g. voluntary work, urban regeneration, advancement of art, culture heritage or sciences etc. hich are clearly very broad categories. Trusts for the Relief of Poverty: The obvious questions raised by this category are how poor must the beneficiaries be, and how many of them must there be. In this context, ‘poor’ is a relative term; in the Re Colthurst case, it was said that in this context, poverty doesn’t mean destitution, but instead the idea of people having to go short having regard to their status. This case concerned a trust for the benefit of orphans and widows of bank officials who were in poverty. In the case of Re Segelman, a trust in favour of ‘needy relatives’ was upheld as being charitable; it was acknowledged that most of the members of the class weren’t affluent but needed help from time to time. However, the Court did limit the number of beneficiaries here, since the class was not to be closed until twenty one years after the testator’s death, and although at the time of death there were only twenty six individuals in the class, in twenty one years it would expand greatly, and the Court found that it cannot have been the intention of the testator to give gifts to after-born issue. In the Histed Article, the author is particularly critical of this wide definition of ‘poor’, as it means that the Courts have come close to saying that an occasional problem of expenditure exceeding income qualifies someone as ‘poor’, which is not a good approach. It should be noted that these trusts must benefit a class of individuals, as if they benefit named individuals they qualify as private, and not charitable, trusts. In terms of the ‘public benefit test’ in the context of this category, the test has been reduced â€Å"almost to vanishing point† according to Hanbury, because of the advent of poor employee and poor relative cases. The case of Re Scauisbrick concerned a small class, which were the needy relations of the testator’s sons and daughters. Lord Evershead said that the cases concerning ‘poor relations’ can be justified on the grounds that the relief of poverty, no matter whose poverty it is, is an altruistic act and is thus of public benefit. In the case of Dingle v Turner, a trust had been established to benefit the poor retired employees of a firm. The House of Lords upheld this trust as charitable, with Lord Cross saying that a class of over six hundred individuals was not too small to qualify as a charitable trust. However the issue with this case was that the issue of the definition of ‘poor’ wasn’t addressed. The important thing therefore when setting up a charitable trust for the relief of poverty is to benefit a class, not individuals. Issues with the area are still the fact that ‘poverty’ is ill-defined, and the public benefit test is not rigidly applied. The advent of the Charities Act 2009 has altered the position in Ireland in relation to poor relatives and employees cases, since it specifies that trusts will not be upheld as charitable where there is a close connection between potential beneficiaries and the testator; this close connection includes where they are close relatives and employees, and so in Ireland it is doubtful that such trusts will be upheld in future. Trusts for the advancement of education: The concept of what is ‘educational’ in order to qualify a trust as legally charitable has often been debated. In England there are two possible approaches. The first can be seen in the case of Re Shaw, which concerned the will of George Bernard Shaw. It stated that the trustees have to provide for research inter alia into the advantages of reform of the alphabet. Harman J stated that â€Å"if the object be merely the increase of knowledge that is not in itself a charitable object unless it be combined with teaching or education† so the gift was not upheld. The second can be seen in Re Hopkins Will Trusts a more expansive interpretation of ‘education’ was put forward by Lord Wilberforce. A gift to a society to help them search for the Bacon-Shakespeare manuscripts was held to be valid. Lord Wilberforce disagreed with Harman J saying that the word ‘education’ should be extended beyond teaching, although he did accept that research of a purely private matter would not be educational. In this jurisdiction in In re the Worth Library Keane J commented that he felt the approach in Hopkins was a lot more reasonable. This case concerned a library in a hospital. The Court rejected the idea that it fell under the category of educational as only three people had access to it and so this is taking this beyond the already liberal meaning. However, it was still upheld as charitable as it was adjudged to come under the fourth Pemsel category of other purposes beneficial to the community. The case of Oppenheim v Tobacco Securities Trust Co. Ltd concerned a trust for the education of children of all of the employees and former employees of a company. This case was a very important one in clarifying the public benefit aspect of charities for the advancement of education. It was held that the trust must fail because the distinguishing quality of the class of beneficiaries was a relationship with a named propositus, and they were not a section of the public per se. This has been a heavily criticised decision. It was noted by Lord Cross in the later Dingle v Turner case that the motivating factor behind the decision might be the ‘undeserved fiscal immunity which would be the result of finding charitable status’. Quite possible this issue will be reassessed in the next appropriate case. The case of OConnell v Attorney General concerned a trust to give money to the male descendants of the testator’s brother to obtain professions (through university education). It was held not to be charitable, because it clearly failed the public benefit test, nor could it be upheld even to a limited extent as it breached the rule against perpetuities as no beneficiary may have been alive at the testators death, and they could stay in education ‘to obtain a profession’ as long as they wanted, and there was no limit to the number of them there could be. In Magee v Attorney General High Court a broad approach towards the meaning of education was taken by Lavan J. Lavan J stated that the activities carried on in the local community school which largely consisted of the running of self-help groups must be deemed educational in nature. Trusts for the advancement of religion: This is a very complex and uncertain area, dealing with such a sensitive issue. Section 3(4) of Charities Act 2009 provides that â€Å"it shall be presumed, unless contrary is proved, that a gift for the advancement of religion is of public benefit’. Section 3(5) provides that Charities Regulatory Authority can’t make a determination that gift for advancement of religion is not of public benefit without the consent of the Attorney General. Section 3(6) provides that a charitable gift for advancement of religion shall have effect and shall be construed in ‘accordance with the laws, canons, ordinances and tenets of the religion concerned’. Finally, section 99 provides that a person who sells mass cards other than according to an arrangement with recognised persons shall be guilty of offence. Gifts to ecclesiastical office holders: The important distinction to draw in this area is that a gift for the benefit of the incumbent of an ecclesiastical office for the time being is charitable, while a gift to the particular individual who happens to hold that office will not be. In the case of Gibson v Representative Church Body, a bequest to the chaplain of the Rotunda Hospital and his successors was upheld as charitable; however, a bequest in a codicil to that same will for the chaplain’s personal benefit was not charitable. In Donnellan v ONeill a bequest to a cardinal absolutely and for his own benefit was held to be a gift to him in his private capacity, and thus not a charitable gift. The test was described by Kindersley VC in Thornber v Wilson as being whether the testator designates the individual as such, or as being the person who happens to fill the officeâ€Å". Gifts for the celebration of masses: This was a particularly common area of benevolence in Ireland over the centuries, and thus there is a fairly large body of case law concerning it. It is certainly a charitable purpose, and was designated as such by s. 45(2) of the Charities Act 1961, but it is an area which for a long time provoked considerable uncertainty and controversy. Historically the legal principles applicable differed considerably between England and Ireland. The question of the charitable nature of the gifts for the saying of masses, and whether it was necessary to specify that they be said in public, was resolved by the Irish Court of Appeal in the case of OHanlon v Logue. Here, a testatrix devised and bequeathed her property on certain trusts and then on trust to sell it and invest the proceeds and pay the income thereof from time to time to the Roman Catholic Primate of all Ireland for the time being for the celebration of masses for the repose of the souls of her late husband, her children and herself, the will containing no direction that these masses be said in public. The Court of Appeal upheld the charitable nature of the gift and made it clear that a bequest for the saying of masses, whether in public or not, constituted a valid charitable gift. This decision has been followed on a number of occasions, and the issue was put beyond any doubt by the enactment of s. 45(2) of the Charities Act 1961. In England, the law in this area was clarified by the case of Re Hetherington. Here, Browne-Wilkinson VC confirmed that gifts for the saying of masses are prima facie charitable, since it is for a religious purpose and contained the necessary elements of public benefit because in practice the masses would be celebrated in public. While he stressed that the celebration of a religious rite in private would not contain this essential public element, the Vice Chancellor made it clear that where either construction was possible, the gift was to be construed as one to be carried out only by charitable means (i. e. celebrated in public). Trusts for the Other Purposes Beneficial to the Community: Examples of the types of charitable purposes were set out recently in the new Charities Acts, which is a new departure. Prior to the 2006 Act in England and the 2009 Act in Ireland, this was regarded as a residual catch-all category. Interpretation of what it meant varied over the years. There were two main approaches. In the Attorney General v National Provincial and Union Bank of England case, the point was made that not all trusts beneficial to community are necessarily charitable, and you also have to show a charitable purpose, which is quite a rigid approach. A more flexible interpretation of this point was applied recently. In the case of Incorporated Council for Law Reporting for England Wales v Attorney General, it was suggested that the purpose of the trust possibly fell under education as well as the fourth category. Russell LJ held that if a purpose is shown to be of sufficient benefit to the community, it is prima facie charitable; here it was held to be so by the Court of Appeal. This was a much less strict approach, which made it easier to qualify. A case which is helpful in setting out the scope of this area is the Northern Irish case of Re Dunlop. It should be noted that in England and Northern Ireland, the 1st category of poverty relief included the purpose of ‘help of the elderly’ with it, as happened in this case. It involved a request to found a home for elderly Presbyterians; the Court concluded that this was a charitable purpose, and the fact that the beneficiaries were only allowed to be Presbyterians didn’t negative the fact that this was still of public benefit. The judge seemed to be taking view that it’s actually quite difficult to qualify under the 4th category, and made obiter statements that to qualify, there should be no limitations to the gift that would prevent the public as a whole from benefiting. Therefore, in this fourth category, the public benefit test seems to be tricter than in any of the other categories. Is the test for ‘public benefit’ objective or subjective? The Courts in Ireland have generally held that it is subjective, with due weight given to the viewpoint of the donor, provided it is not illegal or immoral, while the Courts in England and Northern Ireland have held it’s an objective test. In the important Irish case of Re Cranston, Lord Justice Fitzgibbon and a majority of the Court of Appeal held that it should be a subjective test, based not on the view of the judge, nor on general public opinion. Instead, the benefit must be one the founder believes to be of public advantage, but it must be rational, and not contrary to law or morality. In the English case of Re Hummeltenberg, a gift was made to a College for the training of Mediums, which was held not to be a charitable purpose. The Court looked at the Irish case law, but said that it should be a matter for the Court to decide, which is an objective approach. The Irish approach was reaffirmed in the case of In re the Worth Library. Important legislative changes took place with the coming into force of the Acts†¦s. (11) lists purposes ‘a’ to ‘l’ under the fourth category, but it is not an exhaustive list. It included two factors which hadn’t arisen in case law: the protection of the natural environment; and the advancement of environmental sustainability. It contains no mention of the advancement of human rights after much debate on this topic during its drafting, especially since this is a factor in the English equivalent of this legislation, which contains these factors in s. 2(2). Subsection (h) in the English legislation discusses human rights. A purpose included in the English Act, but not in the Irish Act, is (g), the advancement of amateur sport, which is proving very controversial. The areas mentioned in the Irish Act are: (a)Gifts for the elderly and sick: In the case Re Robinson a gift for people over the age of sixty five in a certain area, was upheld as charitable; (b)Gifts for the sick and hospitals: In the case of Re McCarthy’s Will Trusts, Budd J upheld as charitable gifts to a charity promoting trips to Lourdes for sick people. An important Supreme Court decision was given in Barringtons Hospital v Valuation Commissioner, in which a hospital sought to challenge the loss of its exemption from ratings tax, saying it was charitable. Kingsmill Moore J said that these trusts are charitable, and it didn’t matter that the hospital charged some people. In the case of In re the Worth Library, the library facilities were only available for three people, but Keane J said it as still charitable because it gave them a haven in which to relax, and that meant the whole hospital benefited. (c)Gifts for sporting and recreational purposes: In Common law jurisdictions, gifts to promote a sport are not charitable usually, but providing general recreational facilities can be charitable sometimes. In the 1950’s in England, the Recreational Charities Act was introduced, which deemed as charitable recreational facilities provided in the interest of social welfare; this legislation spawned many cases. In Guild v IRC, a testator left a gift to be used in connection with a sports centre, and the House of Lords said that this was a charitable gift; they said that the facilities for recreation did improve people’s quality of life, even if the people who benefited were not in a position of relative social disadvantage. There was a Northern Irish decision along same lines in Springhill Housing Action Committee v. Commissioner of Valuation, in which a community centre was upheld as charitable. There was only one Irish case until recently which was Shillington v Portadown UDC, where it was held that it was a valid charitable gift to give money to the local council to build facilities to encourage healthy recreation. In the relatively recent case of National Tourism Development Authority v Coughlan, there was a gift to a golf club, but this was for the promotion of a particular sport, and so was not charitable according to Charleton J, who held that the more exclusive the enterprise, usually the less likely it is to have as its sole purpose the betterment of society in general. d)Gifts for the benefit of animals: The case of Armstrong v Reeves concerned a gift to a charity for the abolition of vivisection, which was regarded as a charitable purpose under the fourth miscellaneous charitable purpose; this case was decided in the late 19th century. The issue was seen again in the 1940’s in the National Anti-Vivisection Society v IRC case, but here the House of Lords performed a balancing exercise, and said that the benefit to humanity outweighed the cruelty to the animals, and thus the purpose of the trust was held not to be charitable. e)Gifts for political purposes: It has long been established that a gift for an existing political party is not charitable; in Re ni Brudair, a gift to the benefit of ‘Republicans to advance their cause as it was between the years 1916 to 1920’ was too vague, and the Court said that it had a political objective and thus was not charitable. There is a grey area in the area of human rights. The case of McGovern v Attorney General is an important one in this area. Here, Amnesty International was trying to set up another organisation to promote human rights in other countries through diverse political means. The Judge said that this new organisation couldn’t be charitable because they were going to try to achieve their goals by changing other countries’ laws. He said that using such methods could not be charitable. This approach has been criticised because it constitutes a very broad ban on any donations to political organisations constituting charitable gifts. This decision had also been criticised in the Hanbury and Martin textbook, since it introduces double standards, as existing charities already campaign for political change, but ones seeking charitable status to do so cannot; this is an inconsistent approach.

Positivism Essay Example

Positivism Paper Positivism is a theoretical and methodological approach in contemporary criminology. Positivists believe that human behavior is shaped by biological, psychological or social factors and forces. These factors and forces are called individual pathology which deter the decision-making and control ability of an individual and results in behavioral problems (White Haines, 2003). To extend to legal definition, crime is defined as individual pathology to obey law and to conform to moral consensus of the society. Positivism approach in criminology examines the trait distinctions between offenders, rather than on the criminal acts as the focus of analysis. Also, positivism determines how these differences predispose a person towards criminality (White Haines, 2003). Positivists believed that these traits observed can be diagnosed and treated by dealing with and removing the factors and forces that cause the offending behavior to occur. Rather than punishment, positivism directs toward the treatment of offender as a response to crime (White Haines, 2003). The study of positivism is to classify and quantify human behaviors to uncover the causal relations between deviants traits and the committed crime. Therefore, positivism is a scientific approach in the criminal justice system. We will write a custom essay sample on Positivism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Positivism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Positivism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Psychological positivism Positivism concerning with psychological factors induced behavior is called psychological positivism. The consequences and impact of individual trauma are psychological factors which provoke behavior problems (White Haines, 2003). These psychological factors hinder the cognitive development in decision making, social understanding and moral reasoning. Thus, people with psychological problem are potential to commit in crime as they are unconscious in doing so (White Haines, 2003). Based on psychological positivism, criminals are associated with one of these psychological theories: psychoanalytic, behavioral, cognitive and physiological theory (Senna Siegel, 1990). The following will explain these theories by the case of man rape against woman. (a) Psychoanalytic theory Psychoanalytic theory was developed by Sigmund Freud (Senna Siegel, 1990). He believed that the personality arises from a conflict between three interacting systems: id, ego and superego (Senna Siegel, 1990). Id is unconscious energy that strives to satisfy instant gratification, it operates on the pleasure principle. Superego incorporates the moral norms of the society that how one ought to behave. Ego is conscious part of personality that satisfies the ids desires in ways that realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. It operates on the reality principle and struggles to reconcile the conflict between ego and superego. Psychoanalysts believe that law violators may suffer from personality disorder which is caused by damaged egos or superego (Senna Siegel, 1990). The personality disorder is self control inability which denoted that the capacity to repress urges is diminished. Criminals seek immediate gratification of wishes without consideration of right and wrong or the need s of others in the absence of self control. Humans are impulsive and anti-social in nature, they learn to aside to law through the system of self control. Low self control is consisted of incapability of defer gratification, lack of perseverance, and preference for risky and physical behavior (White Haines, 2003). To relate rape with self control theory, rape is seen as a gratification from sexual provocation. Mens sexual drive is aroused by womens dress, presence or movements. The drive is power and is so overwhelming to control (Vogelman, 1990). Men have no choice but to rape for a surge of excitement. As Groth and Birnbau (1979) argued, rape is not a symptom of mental illness but of personality dysfunction (cited in Hall, 1995: 74). Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) argued that child-rearing is critical to the development of self-control (cited in White Haines, 2003: 47). Family which lack of harmony, emotional warmth, and mutual acceptance promote the development of delinquency. Parents in these families treat the child aggressively or overly strict. Child abuse and neglect are also found in these families (Friedrich, 2003). Through such experiences, children learn aggressive behavior via modeling and perform similar reactions in the future. Warrne, Hazelwood and Reboussin (1991) reported that 76% rapists had experienced some sort of sexual abuse when they were children (cited in Hall, 1995: 75). These abuses include physical penetration or coercion to watch sexual act by assaults who were their family member or known assailants such as teacher, neighbor or friend (Hall, 1995). (b) Behavioral Theory Behavioral theory believes that behavior is determined. It is learned from others or through experiences. Human beings learn from daily observations (Senna Siegel, 1990). For example, youth exposed to aggressive, antisocial behavior on television and movies are likely to copy that violent behavior. Similarly, reading pornography laced with violence causes people to commit to rape. Laboratory researchers have claimed that media exposure on sexual aggression such as violence, degrade and humiliate against women encourage sexual offends (Howitt, 1998). It have been found that the majority of rapists to be of average or above average intelligence, educational level and income. However, they have inability to form or maintain emotionally intimate relationships with others (Hall, 1995). In fact, antisocial behavior can be induced by social disability such as deprivation or discrimination. Also, when people are unable to attain what they desire, they become frustrated and their potential for aggression is increased (Vogelman, 1990). Physical acts are often the quickest way to express anger or stress to diminish the inability and impairments (Conley, Luckasson Bouthilet, 1992). Groth and Hobson (1083) defined rape as a sexual expression of aggression against women (cited in Howitt, 1998: 91). This can be illustrated by anger rape. Anger rape involves physically force than necessary to overpower and damage the victim to obtain sex. Abusive, obscene and degrading languages are accompanied with anger rapist to express their hostility (How itt, 1998). This indicates that rape cannot be understood in terms of sexual desire alone. (c) Cognitive theory Cognitive theory focuses on how people process and store information. A child may do what is right simply to avoid punishment. The same person will do what is right to avoid hurting others in later life. This is called moral reasoning (Senna Siegel, 1990). Moral reasoning determines the perception one acquired. Perception dominates people behavior. Moral reasoning also endeavor one to obey law on behalf of their social responsibility and to identify the perspectives, feelings or thoughts of the others (Murphy Clare, 2003). Based on these theories, criminals are probably to have faulty perception and information processing as they are unable to think logically in the system of axiom. Axiom is the causal relationship of if and then, that is the impact of criminals behavior (Conley, Luckasson Bouthilet, 1992). Senna Siegel (1990) suggested that criminals are significantly lower in their moral judgment than non-criminals as they have limited insight into the motivations and character istics of others. They perceive other people as more aggressive than they are. Undoubtedly, they are more likely to be vigilant and suspicious. When criminals attack victims, they believe they were actually defending themselves (Senna Siegel, 1990). For male rapists, women are percept as sex objects and they believe that women are not worthy of respect since men are more competitive in the sphere of sexual relations. Rapists are unable to identify the equality between the two sex roles. The expression of mens masculinity is demonstrated in power rape. As Groth and Birnbaum (1979) stated, The intent of the power rapist is to assert his competency and validate his masculinity (as cited in Hall, 1995:76). Power rape is driven by fantasy. The power rapist projects his own desires on the victim, thereby interpreting her resistance as a facade of non-compliance. The rapists are exited by pain and suffering of the victim (Murphy Clare, 2003). The dehumanization of women reflects rapists inconsideration on others. The power rapists use language of instructional as to express conquest against women. (d) Physiological theory Physiological theory is the identification of the psychopathic personality (Senna Siegel, 1990). Psychopathic personality is caused by physical abnormality in the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The ANS mediates internal activities such as heart beat and blood pressure when associated with emotions. The physical abnormality can be caused by genetic and biochemical factors. Therefore, psychopathic personality is predisposed innately and is unaffected by socialization. Psychopath experiences lower arousal levels to stimuli and react differently from the normal. Therefore, it is possible that psychopaths are thrill seekers who engage in high-risk, antisocial activities to raise their general neurological level to a more optimal rate (Senna Siegel, 1990). Criminals are potential psychopaths who devoted in risky activities. As Freud developed, libidinal energy is internalized in particular zone of human, these zones are oral, anal, phallic and genital. These zones will evoke a feeling of pleasure when they are stimulated (Vogelman, 1990). Therefore, it is possible for men to have biological drive for sex. Moreover, As Gebbard, Gagnon, Pomeroy and Christenseon (1965) stated, In many mammals, coitus is preceded by a physical strugglethe physiological by-products of excitement and exertion is the increased heart rate, increased breathing, muscle tension, the greater supply of blood to the body surfaces, etc (cited in Vogelman, 1990: 39). Men rape not purely because of lust and lack of sex, but to facilitate sexual arousal. The arousal is obtained from the struggle of woman to produce a sense of excitement (Vogelman, 1990). Treatment As mentioned previously, the response of crime in positivism concentrates on treatment rather than punishment. Offenders who seem to have personality problems will undergo a psychological evaluation examined by forensic psychologists and psychiatrists (Senna Siegel, 1990). These professionals worked within the criminal justice system to assess the possibility of personality disorder. They also assert appropriate treatment to criminals according to their degree of deficiency. Treatment for rapists seeks to identify the causes of their deviant behavior, and to cure them by changing their thinking processing. Treatments for rapists include psychotherapy, behavior modification and biomedical therapy (Hall, 1995). There are three forms of psychotherapy: relapse prevention, cognitive therapy, and victim empathy. Relapse prevention is based on the belief that an event such as emotion and behavior are prior to rape, rapists are asked to identify the preceding events so that whenever the event appear they can consciously terminate their offensive behavior (Hall, 1995). Relapse prevention is the exercise of self control utilization. Cognitive therapy indoctrinates a moral perception to rapists that it is necessary to rationalize and justify their own offensive behavior (Hall, 1995). Victim empathy enables the rapists to empathize with his victims, thereby gaining recognition of the lasting impact of his action. In this therapy, rapist reenacts the rape from the perspective of a victim (Hall, 1995). A new moral reasoning system is constructed from this torture experience. Behavior modification is done by arousal control (Hall, 1995). It makes use of adverse conditions to control unacceptable behavior. For example, a rapist is assigned to be exposed to a scene which depicts a violent sexual encounter. If he is sexually aroused, he might receive a series of electrical shocks or might be subjected to an offensive odor (Hall, 1995). The purpose of the treatment is to cause the rapist to respond adversely to the thoughts of sexual violence. Thus, behavior is reformed. Biomedical therapy involves the use of drugs in conjunction with other forms of therapy. Drugs are used as a form of chemical castration that results in suppression of the manufacture of the sex hormones, testosterone. It may also use to suppress inappropriate fantasies and compulsive behavior (Hall, 1995). Offensive behavior can be removed. Psychological positivism as legal defense mechanism In criminal justice system, a voluntary act, the actus reus and a mental element, the mens reas are required to condemn someone to be guilty (Murphy Clare, 2003). The mental elements include the cognitive development and psychiatric conditions of the offenders. The cognitive development contributes to the ability to identify existing problems and formulate an effective way to solve the problems (Murphy Clare, 2003). If the development is interrupted, the offender is claimed to be no intention for their acts. Likely is the psychiatric illness sufferer. The criminal law recognizes these abnormal mental conditions of a person not to entirely responsible for their actions as intent for the commission of crime is negated (Senna Siegel, 1990). The mental state of unconscious is used as a legal defense mechanism. If a person is declared insane when they were committing crime, a judgment of not guilty by reason of insanity (cited in Senna Siegel, 1990) is entered. The person is then held in an institution for the criminally insane until found to be sane and eligible for release (Senna Siegel, 1990). Offenders can escape from punishment liked incarceration. Besides, involuntarily intoxication under duress or by mistake may also be an excuse to refute the crime committed. Even though voluntary intoxication can lessen the degree of crime because the defendant can prove they were lacking of critical element for mental intention (Senna Siegel, 1990). For example, a judgment may be decreased from first to second-degree murder. The defense mechanism in respect to psychological positivism is being criticized as it spurs crime as it releases criminal offenders. Criminal justice system is thus unjust. Conclusion The willingness of time and money consumption to investigate psychological positivism indicates that policymakers ascertain that personal trait is a contributing cause of criminality. Nevertheless, there are critiques in psychological positivism. Since positivism is a science, it is inaccessible to the general community. Power is centered in the hands of forensic psychologists and psychiatrists with their specialized knowledge (White Haines, 2003). Debate was also found on the efficacy of criminal profiling. Psychological positivism brings suspicious people into innocent criminals simply because they match certain personality traits (White Haines, 2003). In contrast, psychological positivism allows crime to be prevented by early intervention such as pre-school program to enforce discipline to children. Psychological positivism tends to construct a more harmonic society for the future.

The eNotes Blog 3 Places to Find the Help You Need on eNotes,Free

3 Places to Find the Help You Need on ,Free Its almost time to head back to class. Are you ready? Make sure youre set for school with help from ! In this post, were covering the 3 best areas of   to find the help you need with your upcoming classes. Even better: most of the help you find on is completely  free to access. Check out our refresher course below and be prepared for Fall! Dont have an account yet? Sign up here today to create your free account and start searching for expert answers. 1. Annotated eTexts Did you know that hosts over 900 texts online in our eTexts section? From poems to plays, short stories to biographies, weve got hundreds of works that teachers commonly select for assigned reading and which you can read on your computer or mobile device  for free. You dont even have to buy your next assigned novel if you dont want to! Whats better than an entire library at your fingertips for no cost at all? An entire library of  annotated  eTexts. Over the past year, educators have been working hard to provide you with expert annotations on some of the most challenging works of Literature. From Dickens to Shakespeare and everything in between, theyve written comments on important words and passages to help you better understand what youre reading. To read these annotations, hover your cursor over any highlighted words found in any Annotated eText. A comment will pop up explaining the significance of those highlighted words. Annotations could cover glossary definitions, analysis or background informationjust one way that helps you to study smarter. 2. Homework Help Homework Help is the busiest section of , putting students in touch with real teachers and expert assistance. You probably already know that you can ask a question here, but did you know that has more than 250,000 answered questions to search through? Your answer could already be ready and waiting to be discovered. Just type your keywords into the search bar on the Homework Help homepage  here  to find what youre looking for. Looking for questions and answers on one specific work? Thats easy too. Just go to the study guide page for the work, for instance  To Kill a Mockingbird  here, click on More in the top row of links, then select Homework Help. This will take you to a page that displays only the questions and answers for that book. Homework Help isnt just about asking questions, its about finding them too. And searches are always free! Find the answers youre looking for  here. 3. Study Guides Stumped by a difficult book? Do you have the answers you need, but not enough scholarly resources?   study guides  are here to help your every need. Our guides explain in easy to understand terms the characters, themes and plots of thousands of literary works. On top of that, theyre also crammed full of scholarly sourcesarticles you can actually cite in your essays. Other online guides would never be acceptable on a works cited page. But at , we connect you with critical essays from published literary critics  and  show you how to turn those ideas into A-grade papers with advice on suggested essay topics. Everything you need to ace your English class is right  here. study guides are open to subscribers only, but membership costs as little as $4 per month, with special deals on offer all the time. Head to our subscriptions page  here  for more info and to sign up for one month, one quarter, or a full year of expert help and great grades, with a 100% satisfaction guarantee. With , heading back to school is a breeze. Let us help you study smarter and get the grades you deserve this Fall by using our eTexts, Homework Help, and study guides.

The different kinds of Technology being used in business Research Paper

The different kinds of Technology being used in business - Research Paper Example This is the reason, majority of companies are ready to spend huge amount of their capital on R&D (research and development). Technology and the Internet have had a profound effect on service marketing (Bitner, Brown & Mueter 2000). In an increasingly networked world information of varying quality is being aggregated for business use. Senior managements course of action is clear: (a) view; (b) manage and (c) deliver information as a competitive weapon. Information technology (IT) change is all-pervasive or ubiquitous. Consequently it is important that employers engage in change process in thoughtful ways–respecting and holding to ideas and practices of the past that have enduring value while also attending to emerging ideas and necessary changes in practice. The changes now experienced are no one-time affair. All business organizations must expect accelerating change and continuing efforts for renewal. Gildea (2005) explained that it is not getting people to learn C++ but trying to figure out how to do things all the time and differently. As another example of the technology-attachment linkage customers buying online often rely on a limited set of mediated channels that regularly lack the actual interactivity needed to effectively make purchases and address customer service questions. Similarly employees considered traditional office staff or more virtual workers rely extensively on various mediated channels that may do more to provide information overload than actually facilitate meaningful connections with other aspects of the organization. (Wolff, 2005, 29) Today the Internet is used for a wide variety of purposes including email surfing the World Wide Web chatting in chat rooms doing research and retrieving information games gossip and more. The impact of the Internet appears to be widespread with a large number of companies striving toward an e-business (i.e. business conducted over the

The Business Perspective of the Apple Company Term Paper

The Business Perspective of the Apple Company - Term Paper Example The brand value of the company is incomplete in today’s world. Effective use of technology provides the company with brand recognition, enabling it to stand out among its competitors. The collaborative work of its employees has paved the way for the success of the company, which follows a collaborative work culture. Apple Inc. is recognized as the biggest start-up in the world, formed by the efficient hands of Steve Jobs. There are frequent team meetings in each department in order to discuss the current business scenario, and the company values and encourages the participation of its team members in the decision-making processes. Apple has a reputation of valuing individuality and excellence that help in the company’s decision making (Apple Inc, 2012). Products/services and geographic scope Formerly named Apple Computer Inc., the company is an American multinational corporation which specializes in the design and sale of electronic goods and high-technology personal co mputers, along with computer software. The best-known products of the company are the Macintosh series of computers and the iPhone. In 2007, the company shifted from offering only computers towards making and selling consumer electronics. In terms of market capitalization, it is the largest public limited company. The company manages its business on a geographic basis, with five operating segments, in America, Japan, Europe, and some other regions. The operating segment offers similar hardware as well as software products (Datamonitor, 2009:3). Competitors Apple Inc operates its business in multiple industries, the main one of which is personal computers. Apart from this, the company produces software and consumer electronics. In the personal computer industry, Apple’s main competitors are IBM, Hewlett Packard, Dell Inc. etc. In the consumer electronics industry, the main market competitor is Samsung, which has a similar type of product on the market; Apple has also been faci ng competition in developing countries. Apple’s direct competitors are Google, Microsoft, and RIMM (Research in Motion Limited).

The Wild Trees by Richard Preston Essay Example for Free

The Wild Trees by Richard Preston Essay For a passionate, daring and courageous writer any theme becomes a great theme. Just as a brave soldier converts defeats into victories, a genius writer weaves an extraordinary story from the ordinary stuff. To an average reader, at the cursory glance of the book, the subject matter of â€Å"The Wild Trees† may look uninteresting and he wonders whether it is a book on botany. When you begin to read the book, Richard Preston will disappoint you on this account.   He has other interesting plans for you, which he reveals through his explorations through the wild growth of redwood. â€Å"The host of golden daffodils† was always there, â€Å"beside the lake and beneath the trees,† but it needed a Wordsworth to create an immortal poem on sighting them. When something penetrates the heart of an author deeply, touches his inner chords and appeals to his emotions irresistibly, a scintillating story, a literary masterpiece is born. The thick cluster of ancient California redwood was always there and many a thousands observed them daily as they drove through the highway. But Richard Preston saw something special and fascinating in them.   He saw the giant whales in them. A mesmerized Preston writes, â€Å"in order to see a giant tree you need a magnifying glass.† The biosphere of the redwood kingdom was a wonderland for him. The latent ambition of every literary genius is to ‘cross the moon and beat the stars’ as for the imagination. Mr. Preston is candid about his literary saga. He says, â€Å"My goal is to reveal people and realms that nobody had ever imagined.† The giant, ancient California redwood creates a rainbow in his heart. From the production point of the book, the illustrations of plain line drawings of redwood structure by Andrew Joslin are equally fascinating.   The artist’s brush and the writer’s pen have delivered amazing products and results to the reader. As for this book, Richard Preston is an author-turned botanist -turned philosopher -turned spiritualist! That has been the progress of his secular adventure and journey through the inner realms, in relation to redwood trees. The roots of his physical adventure are definitely supported by the spiritual roots. Preston entered the enchanting land of redwood in Northern California in 2003 to meet a tree explorer, Steve Sillette, who figures prominently in Preston’s story. For, Sillette was no ordinary tree explorer. He was a legendary figure, and deserved to be the central character in any related novel. Sillette was married to Marie Antoine, another staunch devotee of redwood trees. In their home, any visitor would be engulfed in endless conversation about trees, trees and trees again. That was the level of her passion for the redwood trees, Preston observes that she created clothing, Gore-Tex, the raw material used was the derivatives of the redwood tree. Preston is quite philosophical when he says that the redwood trees grow so slow, that their development is hard to measure during the course of a scientist’s lifetime. In the book you will find the beauty of the author and the authority of the scientist. The book contains amazing details based on the gigantic trees. You feel as if you read a mystery. The size and growth of the redwood trees is unbelievable. The names given to some of the trees have been detailed in the book. Some of the strange names are: Bamboozle, Bushy Toe, Pig Snout, Trifecta, Screaming Titans etc. A unique event is described in the book. The climbers are on the treetop hammock of a giant among he giant trees, Telpirion, and then a squall hits. It is the strong belief of the ensconced climbers that the tree has survived for eons and the countless storms have no effect on her. The climbers in the meantime escape and then the squall brings down Telperion, in the process creating a 60 feet high splash! Preston turns spiritual when he says, â€Å"May be these trees teach us something about ourselves.† What a great silent history is ingrained in the unending stretch of redwood trees! But when it is revealed to us in the book that ninety-six percent of the ancient redwood forests have been destroyed by logging, we feel sorry. We feel as if something very dear tour hearts has been taken away from us. Preston’s book creates such a deep love for the redwood trees. We feel like clinging to the remaining 4 percent; and curse the destroyers of this forest beauty! Preston’s account of this redwood tree adventure is amazing and truthful, because he decided to experience that adventure, before giving the final touches to his book. Therefore, he is able to write a terrifying, moving and a fascinating account. His narrative thrills you. He actually climbed those most dangerous trees to give you the perfect story. Therefore he is able to write a splendid book about the most splendid redwood forest!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     References Cited: Author: Richard Preston Title: The Wild Trees. Publication Date: April 2007 Publisher: Simon Schuster ISBN-10: 0743561228 ISBN-13: 9780743561228

Edward Kennedy Ellington :: essays research papers

The man was born Edward Kennedy Ellington; but he exists in the eyes of American culture as the Duke. He received the nickname from a childhood friend who recognized his style and debonair. That style would carry him around the country and eventually the world as one of the music world’s most prolific composers. His life began in Washington DC on April 29, 1899. Duke did not start up as a child prodigy; while he took piano lessons, he leaned more to sports in his formative years. His parents were strong role models who supported his interests and taught him how to be successful in life. As he grew up and made his way through high school, he developed artistic talent which would lead him to seek higher education in that field. He turned down and prestigious scholarship to Pratt Institute of Fine Art and stayed in Washington to attend Armstrong Manual Training School instead. It was during college that his interest in music took off. He was intrigued by Ragtime style pianists in Washington and would seek out Jazz piano players wherever he went. His earliest personal influence was a piano player named Harvey Brooks. Combined with his early teachers, Oliver â€Å"Doc† Perry and Louis Brown, Duke Ellington found the encouragement and skills necessary for him to go out and become successful . He left school to pursue music as a career and found some work in Washington with his first band – The Duke’s Serenaders. They played in Washington for six years before making an important move to New York in 1923 at the advice of Jazz great Fats Waller. In that year Ellington recorded his first record and changed the band’s name to The Washingtonians. Radio was the big key to the foundation of Ellington’s success in New York. It was radio which had prepared New Yorkers for his sound and once his band made connections with the major New York clubs, it was radio which made their sound a national phenomenon. The most important of the clubs which Duke Ellington played for was the Cotton Club. The combination of the national radio broadcasts that aired from the Cotton Club and the addition of Irving Mills as the bands manager launched Ellington from running a great band to being a star. His fame gave him the ability to develop his band and add in the best musicians from around the country.

A Biography of Shirley Temple Essay

Shirley Temple OCCUPATION: Film Actress (1932-1950); TV actress/entertainer (1958–1965); Public servant and Diplomat (1969–1992); BIRTH DATE: April 23, 1928 (Age: 85) PLACE OF BIRTH: Santa Monica, California EDUCATION: Tutors; Westlake School for Girls ResidenceWoodside, California AKA: Shirley Jane Temple; Shirley Temple Black Nickname: Little Miss Miracle ZODIAC SIGN: Taurus Party Affiliation: Republican Nationality: United States of America Details SHIRLEY TEMPLE Shirley Jane Temple was born on April 23, 1928, in Santa Monica, California. She is the daughter of Gertrude Amelia Temple (nee Krieger), a homemaker and George Francis Temple, a bank employee. The family was of English, German and Dutch ancestry. She had two brothers, George Francis, Jr. and John Stanley. Mrs. Temple once had show business aspirations and frequently played the phonograph and attended dance recitals while she was pregnant. Eight months after she was born, young Shirley was regularly swaying to music in her crib and Mrs. Temple encouraged her infant daughter’s singing, dancing and acting talents. In September 1931 she enrolled her in Meglin’s Dance School in Los Angeles, California. She was discovered a few months later, when executives from a low-budget film company came by the dance studio. When Shirley was 3 years old, her father signed a contract on her behalf with Educational Pictures. Shirley began appearing in Baby Burlesques, short films which spoofed popular movies by remaking them with children. In her earliest films, Shirley performed remarkable impressions of such stars as Greta Garbo and Marlene Dietrich. While the cameras rolled, Shirley Temple’s mother would be on the sidelines, encouraging her to â€Å"Sparkle! To underwrite production costs at Educational Pictures, Shirley and her child co-stars modeled for breakfast cereals and other products. She was lent to Tower Productions for a small role in her first feature film Red-Haired Alibi in 1932 and in 1933, to Universal, Paramount and Warner Brothers for various bit parts. Her family was protective and her father became her agent and financial adviser. The exposure from Baby Burlesques l ed her to a contract with the Fox Film Corporation. At age 5, in April 1934, she attained fame with a featured role in Stand Up and Cheer, starring Warner Baxter. This became Shirley’s breakthrough film. Her charm was evident to Fox heads and she was promoted well before the film’s release. Within months, she became the symbol of wholesome American family entertainment. Her salary was raised to $1,250 a week, and her mother’s to $150 as coach and hairdresser. Shirley starred in several more films the same year, including Little Miss Marker and Baby Take A Bow. On December 28, 1934, Bright Eyes was released. It was the first feature film crafted specifically for Shirley’s talents and the first in which her name appeared above the title. Her signature song â€Å"On the Good Ship Lollipop† was introduced in the film and sold 500,000 sheet music copies. The film demonstrated Shirley’s ability to portray a multi-dimensional character and established a formula for her future roles as a lovable, parentless waif whose charm and sweetness mellow gruff older men. The next year, she broke racial barriers (at the time) by tap-dancing with the original Mr. Bojangles, Bill Robinson, in The Little Colonel. The young actress, singer and dancer with the 56 bouncing golden corkscrew curls and infectious optimism proved an overnight sensation and a top earner for the studio. In February 1935, Shirley Temple became the first child star to be honored with a special Academy Award and miniature Juvenile Oscar for â€Å"Outstanding Personality of 1934† She added her foot and hand prints to the forecourt at Grauman’s Chinese Theatre in February that year. Shirley Temple was the most famous child actor in history. From 1936-38, Shirley earned more than any other Hollywood star, starring in films that offered an hour and a half of optimism at the height of the Depression. To make her seem even more precocious, her mother subtracted a year from Shirley’s age and until she was 13 Shirley thought she had been born in 1929. By 1940, Shirley Temple had 43 films under her belt. United States President at the time Franklin Delano Roosevelt called Shirley Temple â€Å"Little Miss Miracle† for raising the public’s morale during times of economic hardship and was noted for saying that, â€Å"as long as our country has Shirley Temple, we will be all right. † When off the set, Shirley had private tutors and also attended the Westlake School for Girls from 1940-45. When Shirley began to mature, her popularity with audiences waned. As an adolescent, she appeared in The Blue Bird (1940) which performed poorly at the box office. At 19, she co-starred in The Bachelor and the Bobby Soxer. Although the film received critical praise, audiences struggled to accept that their â€Å"Little Miss Miracle† was growing up. In 1943, 15-year-old Shirley met John George Agar, an Army Air Corps sergeant. On September 19, 1945, when Shirley was 17 years old, they were married before 500 guests at Wilshire Methodist Church. On January 30, 1948, Shirley gave birth to their daughter, Linda Susan. Agar became a professional actor and the couple made two films together: Fort Apache (1948) and Adventure in Baltimore (1949). Following her 1948 and 1949 films, Shirley found it increasingly difficult to land major acting roles. During the 1950s and early 1960s, she made scattered appearances on the small screen but her career as a popular film star had ended at an earlier age than most entertainers’ had begun. Shirley’s marriage became troubled and she divorced Agar on December 5, 1949. She received custody of their daughter and the restoration of her maiden name. The divorce was finalized on December 5, 1950. In January 1950, Shirley had met Charles Alden Black, a World War 2 United States Navy intelligence officer who was awarded the Silver Star and reputedly one of the richest young men in California. Temple and Black were married on December 16, 1950. The family relocated to Washington, D. C. when Black was recalled to the Navy at the outbreak of the Korean War. Shirley gave birth to their son, Charles Alden Black, Jr. , in Washington, D. C. on April 28, 1952. Following the war’s end and Black’s discharge from the Navy, the family returned to California in May 1953. Black managed television station KABC-TV in Los Angeles, and Shirley became a homemaker. Their daughter Lori was born on April 9, 1954. In September 1954, Black became director of business operations for the Stanford Research Institute and the family moved to Atherton, California. The couple remained married for 54 years until his death on August 4, 2005. In her film career spanning 1931-1961 she starred in 14 short films, 43 feature films and over 25 storybook movies. As Shirley Temple Black’s entertainment work petered out, she refocused her efforts on a career in public service. She briefly returned to acting in 1958, as host and sometimes performer of Shirley Temple’s Storybook, an anthology series that ran on NBC and ABC from 1959-62. She began her second career in public life at about the same time, becoming involved in the fight against multiple sclerosis after the disease ravaged her brother George, Jr. She co-founded the International Federation of Multiple Sclerosis Societies. In 1967 at the age of 39 she ran for United States Congress but lost. From 1969 to 1970 she served as U. S. ambassador to the United Nations. Shirley Temple Black was appointed ambassador to Ghana in 1974. Two years later, she became the chief of protocol of the United States, retaining the position until 1977. In 1988 Shirley Temple Black became the only person thus far to achieve the rank of honorary Foreign Service officer of the United States. From 1989 to 1992 under US President George H. W. Bush she served yet another public service role, as ambassador to Czechoslovakia. In December of 1998, Shirley Temple Black’s lifetime accomplishments were celebrated in the Kennedy Center Honors at Washington, D. C. s Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. In 2005 she received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Screen Actors Guild. Today, Shirley Temple continues to reside in California. Shirley Temple’s Accomplishments: FILMOGRAPHY AS ACTOR A Kiss for Corliss (1949) The Story of Seabiscuit (11-Nov-1949) Adventure in Baltimore (19-Apr-1949) Mr. Belvedere Goes to College (1949) Fort Apache (9-Mar-1948) That Hagen Girl (24-Oct-1947) The Bachelor and Bobby-Soxer (1947) Honeymoon (17-May-1947) Kiss and Tell (4-Oct-1945) I’ll Be Seeing You (5-Jan-1945) Since You Went Away (20-Jul-1944) Miss Annie Rooney (29-May-1942) Kathleen (18-Dec-1941) Young People (30-Aug-1940) The Blue Bird (19-Jan-1940) Susannah of the Mounties (13-Jun-1939) The Little Princess (10-Mar-1939) Just Around the Corner (11-Nov-1938) Little Miss Broadway (16-Sep-1938) Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1938) Heidi (15-Oct-1937) Wee Willie Winkie (30-Jul-1937) Stowaway (25-Dec-1936) Dimples (9-Oct-1936) Captain January (11-Sep-1936) Poor Little Rich Girl (24-Jul-1936) The Littlest Rebel (22-Nov-1935) Curly Top (2-Aug-1935) Our Little Girl (7-Jun-1935) The Little Colonel (22-Feb-1935) Bright Eyes (11-Dec-1934) Now and Forever (31-Aug-1934) Baby, Take a Bow (30-Jun-1934) Now I’ll Tell (8-Jun-1934) Little Miss Marker (18-May-1934) Change of Heart (10-May-1934) Stand Up and Cheer! (19-Apr-1934) PUBLIC SERVICE US Ambassador to Czechoslovakia (1989-92) US Chief of Protocol (1976-77) US Ambassador to Ghana (1974-76) American Academy of Diplomacy Charter Member Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Board of Directors Association for Intelligence Officers Honorary Board of Directors Council of American Ambassadors Council on Foreign Relations George W. Bush for President Pacific Council on International Policy Grand Marshal of the Tournament of Roses 1939 Grand Marshal of the Tournament of Roses 1989 Grand Marshal of the Tournament of Roses 1999 (shared) Kennedy Center Honor 1998 Hollywood Walk of Fame 1500 Vine St. Visited Disneyland (Oct-1970) BIBLIOGRAPHY World Book Encyclopedia http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Shirley_Temple http://www. nndb. com/people/089/000023020/ http://www. biography. com/people/shirley-temple-9503798? page=2 http://www. shirleytemple. com/bio. html http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=bb8FmimEqPE http://eltonzeng. blog. hexun. com/80714265_d. html

French and Indian War Battle of Quebec (1759)

The Battle of Quebec was fought September 13, 1759, during the French Indian War (1754-1763). Arriving at Quebec in June 1759, British forces under Major General James Wolfe commenced a campaign to to capture the city. These operations culminated with the British crossing the St. Lawrence River at Anse-au-Foulon on the night of September 12/13 and establishing a position on the Plains of Abraham. Moving to expel the British, French forces were beaten the next day and the city ultimately fell. The triumph at Quebec was a pivotal victory that gave the British supremacy in North America. The Battle of Quebec became part of Britains Annus Mirabilis (Year of Wonders) that saw it win victories against the French in all theaters of the war. Background Following the successful capture of Louisbourg in 1758, British leaders began planning for a strike against Quebec the next year. After assembling a force at Louisbourg under Major General James Wolfe and Admiral Sir Charles Saunders, the expedition arrived off Quebec in early June 1759. The direction of the attack caught the French commander, the Marquis de Montcalm, by surprise as he had anticipated a British thrust from the west or south. Assembling his forces, Montcalm began building a system of fortifications along the north shore of the St. Lawrence and placed bulk of his army east of the city at Beauport. Establishing his army on the Ile dOrlà ©ans and the south shore at Point Levis, Wolfe began a bombardment of the city and ran ships past its batteries to reconnoiter for landing places upstream. Louis-Joseph de Montcalm. Photograph Source: Public Domain First Actions On July 31, Wolfe attacked Montcalm at Beauport but was repulsed with heavy losses. Stymied, Wolfe began to focus on landing to west of the city. While British ships raided upstream and threatened Montcalms supply lines to Montreal, the French leader was forced to disperse his army along the north shore to prevent Wolfe from crossing. Battle of Quebec (1759) Conflict: French Indian War (1754-1763)Date: September 13, 1759Armies CommandersBritishMajor General James Wolfe4,400 men engaged, 8,000 around QuebecFrenchMarquis de Montcalm4,500 engaged, 3,500 in QuebecCasualties:British: 58 killed, 596 wounded, and 3 missingFrench: around 200 killed and 1,200 wounded A New Plan The largest detachment, 3,000 men under Colonel Louis-Antoine de Bougainville, was sent upstream to Cap Rouge with orders to watch the river east back towards the city. Not believing that another assault at Beauport would be successful, Wolfe began planning a landing just beyond Pointe-aux-Trembles. This was cancelled due to poor weather and on September 10 he informed his commanders that he intended to cross at Anse-au-Foulon. A small cove southwest of the city, the landing beach at Anse-au-Foulon required British troops to come ashore and ascend a slope and small road to reach the Plains of Abraham above. The approach at Anse-au-Foulon was guarded by a militia detachment led Captain Louis Du Pont Duchambon de Vergor and numbered between 40-100 men. Though the Governor of Quebec, the Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal, was concerned about a landing in the area, Montcalm dismissed these fears believing that due to the severity of the slope a small detachment would be able to hold until help arrived. On the night of September 12, British warships moved to positions opposite Cap Rouge and Beauport to give the impression that Wolfe would be landing at two places. The British Landing Around midnight, Wolfes men embarked for Anse-au-Foulon. Their approach was aided by the fact that the French were expecting boats bringing provisions from Trois-Rivià ¨res. Nearing the landing beach, the British were challenged by a French sentry. A French-speaking Highland officer replied in flawless French and the alarm was not raised. Going ashore with forty men, Brigadier General James Murray signaled to Wolfe that it was clear to land the army. A detachment under Colonel William Howe (of future American Revolution fame) moved up the slope and captured Vergors camp. General Sir William Howe. Public Domain As the British were landing, a runner from Vergors camp reached Montcalm. Distracted by Saunders diversion off Beauport, Montcalm ignored this initial report. Finally coming to grips with the situation, Montcalm gathered his available forces and began moving west. While a more prudent course may have been to wait for Bougainvilles men to rejoin the army or least be in position to attack simultaneously, Montcalm wished to engage the British immediately before they could fortify and become established above Anse-au-Foulon. Plains of Abraham Forming in an open area known as the Plains of Abraham, Wolfes men turned towards the city with their right anchored on the river and their left on a wooded bluff overlooking the St. Charles River. Due to the length of his line, Wolfe was forced to deploy in two-deep ranks rather than the traditional three. Holding their position, units under Brigadier General George Townshend engaged in skirmishing with French militia and captured a gristmill. Under sporadic fire from the French, Wolfe ordered his men to lay down for protection. As Montcalms men formed for the attack, his three guns and Wolfes lone gun exchanged shots. Advancing to attack in columns, Montcalms lines became somewhat disorganized as they crossed the uneven terrain of the plain. Under strict orders to hold their fire until the French were within 30-35 yards, the British had double-charged their muskets with two balls. After absorbing two volleys from the French, the front rank opened fire in a volley that was compared to a cannon shot. Advancing a few paces, the second British line unleashed a similar volley shattering the French lines. Early in the battle, Wolfe was struck in the wrist. Bandaging the injury he continued, but was soon hit in the stomach and chest. Issuing his final orders, he died on the field. With the army retreating towards the city and the St. Charles River, the French militia continued to fire from the woods with the support of floating battery near the St. Charles River bridge. During the retreat, Montcalm was hit in the lower abdomen and thigh. Taken into the city, he died the next day. With the battle won, Townshend took command and gathered sufficient forces to block Bougainvilles approach from the west. Rather than attack with his fresh troops, the French colonel elected to retreat from the area. Aftermath The Battle of Quebec cost the British one of their best leaders as well as 58 killed, 596 wounded, and three missing. For the French, the losses included their leader and were around 200 killed and 1,200 wounded. With the battle won, the British quickly moved to lay siege to Quebec. On September 18 the commander of the Quebec garrison, Jean-Baptiste-Nicolas-Roch de Ramezay, surrendered the city to Townshend and Saunders. The following April, the Chevalier de Là ©vis, Montcalms replacement, defeated Murray outside the city at the Battle of Sainte-Foy. Lacking siege guns, the French were unable to retake the city. A hollow victory, the fate of New France had been sealed the previous November when a British fleet crushed the French at the Battle of Quiberon Bay. With the Royal Navy controlling the sea lanes, the French were unable to reinforce and re-supply their forces in North America. Cut off and facing growing numbers, Là ©vis was forced to surrender in September 1760, ceding Canada to Britain.