Chernobyl Essays (1237 words) - Nuclear Technology,

Chernobyl April 26th 1986 marked the date of the worst nuclear accident to ever occur. Chernobyl, a nuclear power plant in Russia was undergoing routine safety tests that envolved running the reactor on less then full power, followed by a standard shut down. At Chernobyls reactor number 4 a specific test was designed to show that a coasting turbine could produce enough power to pump coolant through the reactor core while waiting for electricity from diesel generators. During the test turbine feed valves were closed to initiate turbine coasting, and automatic control rods were withdrawn from the core. When the steam valves to the turbine close, the pressure in the reactor should go up causing the boiling point of the water to increase. This creates more water in the reactor, increasing cooling. During this test there was a problem with the feed water supply, so the increase in cooling water did not happen. What did happen was an uncontrolled increase in the steam pressure. The operator saw this and started to shut down the reaction by reinserting the control rods. The initial insertion of the control rods caused the reaction to concentrate in the bottom of the reactor. The reactor power rose well above its maximum capacity. Fuel pellets shattered, reacting with the cooling water, creating high pressure in the fuel containers. This surge in pressure caused the fuel containers to rupture. This led to two severe explosions, one a steam explosion, the other a rapid expansion of fuel vapor. The force of these explosions lifted the pile cap, allowing air to enter the reactor. The graphite used in the reactor construction caught on fire, ending a horrible and tragic sequence of events, but beginning another. Local firemen, unaware of the dangerous amounts of radiation, were called in to put out the fire. All of the firemen died, either a result of the fire, or from breathing radioactive debris. Unfortunately, their heroic attempts were useless, because the core of the reactor was exposed making the fire much to hot for water to cool. The first thing the Russians did was try to cover up the accident. This turned out to be impossible, considering the amounts of radioactive debris released into the air. Shortly after the accident a nuclear power plant in Sweden measured high amounts of radioactivity in their area, called the Russians to inquire if there had been an accident. The Russians shortly thereafter alerted the press, and evacuated towns surrounding Chernobyl. This of course wasnt their biggest problem. They needed to find the fuel that had escaped from the reactor in order to avoid another massive chain reaction. This was a huge problem due to the extreme amounts of radioactivity inside the sarcophagus. They didnt have the money for robots, so they sent in the Soviet Army. 3400 men were used on roof runs in which theyd go and collect samples from the roof of the reactor. During these missions soldiers could be subjected to 20 Rankins of radiation. Many people who have worked at Chernobyl have died from sudden heart failure. The Russian government denies that this has anything to do with their work at Chernobyl, but their have been too many deaths related to heart failure for it not to be. The next move was to find the fuel. Unlike American nuclear power plants that have their reactors over steel reinforced concrete the crazy Russians built their reactor on top of offices. Inside these offices radiation levels reach around 100 to 250 Rankins of radiation per hour. This means it would be impossible to ever work safely inside Chernobyl, unless of course you had a few hundred thousand years on your hands for the radioactivity to fall to safe levels. Unfortunately they didnt, they had to find the fuel before another chain reaction occurred, releasing more nuclear fallout into the environment. Throughout their early investigation they could find no clues to the whereabouts of the fuel. Finally, one cold December day in 1986, scientists came across a large highly radioactive mass approximately 2 meters across in size. Because of its unique shape they titled it the Elephants Foot. Their only dilemma was, what the heck is it? This problem

The Food Fight Essays - Avocado, Hawaiian Cuisine, Persea

The Food Fight Essays - Avocado, Hawaiian Cuisine, Persea Daniel Kang Ms. Menard Honors English 8 12 February 2014 The Food Fight A long, long time ago, in a time even before the fearsome dinosaurs, there was food living on the Earth. Talking food. The food was divided into 2 main categories: the divine fruits and the extravagant vegetables. These two groups lived together happily and as a big joyous family. They caught food such as fish together, ate together, and even slept together. There was only one frustrating problem; the weather was always searing hot. There were always complaints among the fruits and vegetables about the hotness. An apple would say, Its so hot, Im going to dry all up! And a piece of broccoli would say, Its so hot Im going to get steamed! Still, the fruits and vegetables got on happily with life until, one day a humongous explosion followed by a mushroom cloud so tall that it touched the sky was seen and heard. A few seconds after that, everything from 10 to 20 miles from the explosion felt the forceful shockwave of the ginormous explosion. BOOOM!!!! went the explosion. Then the cute baby carrots started to bawl their eyes out, WAAAAAAAAAA! The fruits that were playing volleyball were blown away from their original position several yards. The leader of the fruits, Avocado Lincoln, was a handsome and strong general that had a soft center and tough and sort of greenish outer look. And the leader of the vegetables, Jefferson Garlic, who was a great manager with a small head and a grotesquely large midsection got together to have a meeting about what action they should take. They both agreed and said, We should go and see what it was. The next day, Avocado Lincoln rounded up the strongest and the fittest of the fruits and Jefferson Garlic rounded up the most ferocious and fat vegetables. They were setting out on unknown territory not knowing what was out there. They set out when the rooster crowed, Cock-a-doodle-doo! The lady fruits and vegetables packed the mens bags and loaded it with food for the journey saying, Come back safe! while sobbing. As they set out, it was noticed by complaining that it was yet another hot day with the fiery sun hanging right above the foods heads. Its soooo hot!! and Im going to dry up! Even their usually shadows were too hot to show themselves. Then suddenly, a big and thirsty monkey attacked one of the apples yelling, Hoohoo HaHa! The monkey was red, blue, and white striped. To save the apple, which was ravenously getting ripped apart, the vegetables and the remaining fruits attacked the monkey and drove it off the apple. He was bitten to the core in a couple places. Lincoln had no hope for the apple. He said to Garlic, Hell never make it through the journey. The all settled down for the night so the fatally wounded apple could have some rest. Apple was found dead but looking peaceful the next morning. Avocado Lincoln said some prayers over his body. This day also yielded another scorching hot day. This time at high noon, they crossed paths with an angry arachnid. Things did not go well for the apple named Frank. He did not get hurt fatally, but he needed rest so they had to camp out early that day. The fruits kept on getting eaten and wounded by different animals each day until on the 10th night of the journey, most of the fruits were wounded in some way and tired. There was moaning and groaning everywhere, Aughhhhh! and Ow! Ow! that hurts! The next day, Avocado Lincoln woke up first and saw something on the horizon. It glinted a hue he had never seen before in his life. He called it, It was so wonderful. It was like magic! He woke all of fruits and veggies up and started marching to the big and shiny thing. As they walked towards it, it got bigger and Bigger and BIGGER until it was a towering mass of shiny standing right before them in a humongous crater the size of the moon. All the fruits and veggies were staring in awe at the thing. It looked like 2 boxes

Lebanon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lebanon - Essay Example Early settlement in Lebanon evidence was found in Byblos. In 5000 BC the city was occupied by people. Lebanon was the homeland of Canaanite descendants as it was part of Northern Canaan. The famous colonies of Lebanon rulers were Cadiz and Carthage which are currently known as Tunisia and Spain respectively. The country became one of the succeeding empires in recent times. The empires include Persian, Roman, Assyrian and Crusader among others (Harris 6). Music, literature and art in Lebanon are rooted in Levantine and Mediterranean norms. The art of Lebanon started after the civil war in 1991 in Beirut. The start of the art was marked by alternative Anita Toutikian artwork. Lebanon has more literature writers like Khalil Gibran who wrote the book called, â€Å"The Prophet†. Other local literature writers include Amin Maalouf and Elias Khoury among other. Lebanon mostly practice the traditional folk music. Currently, the society practices the modern music involving Arabic and Western styles and pop (Harris 35). Lebanon is favorable for tourism since it has many places to visit like Mim Museum, Mohammad Al-Amin Mosque and National Museum of Beirut among others. There are hotels for accommodation and they include Sonesta Maho Beach Resort and Sonesta Great Bay Beach among others (Harris 10). In conclusion, Lebanon is a country which has undergone many stages of development. The societies in Lebanon have interacted with different communities that participated in brining up the Lebanon culture. The country is a good place to tour since it is peaceful and has many tourism attraction features (Harris

Black world study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Black world study - Essay Example o heard of inspirational stories of the Black American leaders when they were facing oppression and this got me interested in studies to do with the Black World Studies. The achievements of the Black Americans were inspirational especially the story of Martin Luther King Jr and it encouraged me to undertake the Black World Studies. On the other hand, the trends in the society seem to be changing in favour of equality due to the achievements made by the Black American leaders. This made it relevant for me to study the Black world Studies in order to obtain more information about different events that took place and changed the lives of the Black Americans. I knew that I was in the right place as soon as I attended my first lesson. I felt that it was all I ever wanted to learn. I found some friends with the same interest as mine almost immediately. I did some independent research on the prospects of having a good job after the completed my studies and I found the career to be promising. Although I received some discouragement from one or two people, I decided to follow my heart and joined the university to pursue the study. I am always good at memorizing issues and I thought that this would be useful to me while pursing my studies in the Black World studies. This is because I found that the study contains a lot of theoretical information. On the other hand, it is also important to note that the studies require a lot of understanding of the issues of religion and social problems in the society. I am a religious person and the studies will also be beneficial to me on a personal level as I will gain more knowledge on the religious issues. Thi8s is considering the studies also have some aspects of religion. I felt that it will be worth spending my time and resources in future dealing with the issues of the Black World Studies. Therefore, the studies will enable me to obtain accurate information about the Black World as diverse opinion exists. My Religious leader

Organ Donation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organ Donation - Research Paper Example First and most of all, one the most important implications that organ donation has is saving life. Indeed, if one takes a brief look at the statistics, one will be able see that the good which can be done is tremendous. For example, a single organ that is extracted from the body of a person who is dead is able to safe eight people (â€Å"All About Donation†). This is quite an astonishing statistics since given the number of organs that a person is able to donate after death, one single person may save up to fifty people. It is rather obvious that a death of a single person is a tragedy, but if it is able to result the continuation of lives of numerous people, the former gains a new sound to it. That is why a person who donates one’s organs as basically a hero who saves many lives. Another point which should be noted is that the issues of organ donation and saving lives might be viewed from a rather surprising point of view. Thus, one can hardly disagree that life is the best gift that a person can receive. However, in the course of out daily routine people tend to forget about it and that being alive for granted. Moreover, the ability to give life is largely thought to be mystical and is often attributed to deities. In addition to that, if a person could chose what one would like to receive as the ultimate gift, one would definitely choose being immortal.

Mydin Expansion And Growth Strategy Analysis

Mydin Expansion And Growth Strategy Analysis Mydin Mohamed Holdings Bhd is a local business organization in retail industry under the leadership of chief executive, Datuk Ameer Ali Mydin. The business starts its operation since 1957 in retail and wholesale. In the economic environment, Mydin face challenge from other key players such as Giant, Tesco, Carrefour and Econsave. Currently Mydin has 4 hypermarkets and its total stores are 55 which located at Klang Valley, Terengganu, Kota Bharu, Seremban, Nilai, Johor, Alor Setar, Melaka, Penang, Pahang and Kelantan. To compete, the company plans to expand their business and grow organically. Mydin imposed low pricing strategies and provide economically price goods to its customers. Surely, the expansion and growth will influence the business objective. Below is the comparison data of retailers with its number of stores in Malaysia. Retailer Number of stores Giant. 40(hypermarket/superstores) Total Giant stores: 100 Tesco. 35(hypermarket) Carrefour. 23(hypermarket) Econsave. 38(supermarket hypermarket) Mydin. 4 hypermarkets. Total Mydin stores : 55 Hypermarket list is not exhaustive. [Business Times , Saturday, July 31, 2010] Therefore I would like to investigate whether Mydins expansions and growth strategy is viable to the business to gain market share and emerge as market leader. RESEARCH BACKGROUND. This commentary will be based on these following supporting documents; MYDIN EXPECTS 10pc RISE IN PROFIT, QA with Datuk Ameer Ali (Mydin)/SKORCAREER Mydin to built its biggest hypermart in Kota Baru/Business Times. New logo,motto for Buy Malaysian Campaign/mydin.com.my INTERNAL CENTRE OF LEADERSHIP(ICLIF)-2009/MYDIN CASE STUDY. Microsoft Supports Malaysian Retailers Aggressive Plans to Expend. Malaysia mulls bar-code system for halal, products Business Times MARKETING. Marketing Planning. As a retail company in Malaysia, Mydin had implement several marketing planning to boost their sales and obtaining bigger market share. Therefore, this commentary will examine the marketing mix approached by Mydin to successfully market their product and formulate their marketing strategy. Therefore, Mydin can moves towards becoming a market leader. Marketing mix: Product. Mydin has a wide range of product line such as food line, soft line, hard-line and household items. Due to the wide range of product, Mydin will benefits from larger customer base. This will give positive advantage to Mydin as its customer can obtain all products needed here at lower and cheaper price. As a local player, Mydin provide items that are complement with its customers need. Majority of Malaysian are Muslims. Therefore, Mydin provide local prayer mats, prayer garment for women and traditional product which are rarely found elsewhere. However, Mydin should consider its non-Muslim customers due to the image of the place where only Muslim shops. Place. Besides, Mydin is currently expending their business into different format namely hypermarkets, emporium, and My Mart (24 hour convenience stores). As referred to growth of Mydins chain by the year 2009 to 2020, the business forecasted to have 26 Hypermarket, 60 Convenience Store, 20 Emporium and 5 My Mart  [1]  . This investment cost the business a large amount of cash which is RM 200million for supermarket and 60 million for the building of hypermarket  [2]  . The managing director tries to emulate the growth strategies of Kmart by having My Mart although Kmart experience bankruptcy. This expansion can help Mydin, reachable for its customers with various channel of distribution. For example, the choice to build the biggest hypermarket in Malaysia at Kota Baharu  [3]  is due to high demand and larger land available. However, Mydin should consider their large expansion as they may be affected by diseconomies of scale. Promotion. In terms of promotion Mydin apply me-to-promotion where Mydin follow and respond to their rivals marketing strategies such as purchasing similar advertisement board and article from newspaper  [4]  . One of its outlets in Subang Jaya has a digital billboard, controlled digitally from its office. This provides fast response toward its rivals advertisement. Besides, Mydin should consider having other marketing strategies such as advertisement through website or radio to provide detailed information and awareness of their existence. Price. Mydin is well-known for selling its product at wholesale price (40% of its business is wholesale). As compared to its rival, (Giant, Tesco and Carrefour) Mydin is a favorite place for shopping especially in period of economic down turn. They gain RM 1.3 billion in 2009 from RM 1.1.in 2008  [5]  . This proves that as Mydin grow organically, they gain strength in volume, thus can sell cheaper as compared to its rivals. Therefore, the situation is inciting its marketing objective. Positioning. Market positioning is crucial to portray a good corporate image and differentiate Mydins product over rivals. The unique selling point (USP) of Mydin that makes the business stand out from others is the embracing the concept of Halal (following the dietary law in Islam)  [6]  . As most Malaysian are Muslim and very particular in Halal product, the USP is an added advantage. Mydin popular slogans: Where everybody can buy  [7]  also provide a perception towards the customers that in retail industry, you can buy product cheaper at Mydin. But Mydin need to sustain the image by providing items cheap and not providing cheap items with low qualities. Mydin can perceive its brand to be a bargain brands (at high quality but with low price) although its hard to sustain. Therefore, with the growth and expansion strategies, Mydin is moving from Economy brands towards Bargain brands.  [8]   Quality High Low High Premium brands Cowboy brands Low Bargain brands Economy brands Price Figure 1: Perception map showing relationship between price and quality. The slogan is in line with governments campaign, Buy Malaysian  [9]  which educates Malaysian to buy local product (Mydin provide local product on its shelves). Mydins outlet at Subang Jaya has been chosen as the place for exhibition attends by Prime Minister to launch the campaign  [10]  . Besides, Mydin together with Halal Development Council (HDC) organized Halal training program course for small- and medium-sized entrepreneurs (SMEs)  [11]  . The corporate social responsibilities (CSR) done by Mydin enhance its image and will attract customers to choose Mydin instead of others. OPERATION MANAGEMENT. Product Planning. As Mydin grow, the business may affected by overtrading due to stockpiling  [12]  . This situation can increase cost and later absorb on the price of product. Hence, Mydin decide on Microsoft Dynamics AX for Retail to applied Just-In-Time stock management  [13]  . The software provides information for its suppliers and decision-makers so that the distribution of stocks runs smoothly from stores to supply chain  [14]  . By this, Mydin can be more responsive to its customers, reduce their break-even point, and improve cash flow and the working capital cycle  [15]  . Consequently, provide competitive advantage towards its rival. HUMAN RESOURCES. Organizational Structure. Besides, Mydin interfere coordination problem of its managers as the business grow hierarchal taller and wider span of control. Communication across the organizational structure will become time consuming and in certain case may be distorted. To overcome this, Mydin decide on Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007  [16]  that allows massive information to be provided to all layer of the organization and its suppliers. Motivation. In becoming a market leader, Mydin must have a productive employees to generate larger working capital.16.2% of its workers are foreigners and the remaining are locals  [17]  . To create sense of belonging to work and generate teambuilding between workers, the company provides financial and emotional support  [18]  . According to Maslows hierarchy of needs, people are motivated more than just money  [19]  . Mydin meets the social needs of its worker by conducting birthday parties, cultural dance and inter-branch sports.  [20]   CONCLUSION. Mydin has implemented huge expansion and organic growth of its company. They try to gain their market share by becoming more competitive toward its rival. In becoming so, a transformation throughout the organization is done. Based on the marketing planning carried out, Mydin is currently on the right direction towards its corporate objectives. We can notice how Mydin develop strategic marketing mix to successfully market their product. However, there is some areas that should be improved and focus on. In terms of product, Mydin can try to attract non-Muslim customers by having a promotion or creating an image of Mydin as a place for anyone. Besides that Mydin has wide channel of distribution. However, Mydin should also consider dealing with diseconomies of scales. One of the choices is by introducing measures to remove productive inefficiencies. Mydin might count the effectiveness of each of the business format. The marketing strategies indicate that Mydin can gain higher market share from its competitive advantage in promotion and price. In positioning their product, Mydin had done it well through their USP, slogan and CSR played. They manage to give clear perception of the business to public. Hence, they can gain more customers in the future. In operation management and human resources, Mydin try to centralize their management to hinder business runs at loss and to generate efficiencies. Their decision to cooperate with Microsoft Corp. is a right choice to place Mydin at top amongst other key players. Also, without neglecting its employees needs and demands. Overall, based on the analysis of marketing planning, operation management and human resource Mydin expansion and growth strategies is viable for the business to be a market leader in retail industry.

Effects of Safety Negligence

The Importance of Aviation Safety and The Effects of Safety Negligence Michael A. Maze Colorado Technical university Online Why Is safety of such importance throughout the aviation Industry? Throughout this discussion I will Interpret the significance safety Imposes on not only the lives of maintenance personnel but also the lives of many others, which may even include you. Air travel has been a high demand for many years now and everyone should understand how critical it is maintaining these aircraft safely really is.Everyone has eared of a helicopter or airplane crashing here and there. How many have actually sat back and thought whether these accidents could have been avoided? Truthfully some of those accidents could have been. There's not a lot we can do to prevent an aircraft from going down due to a natural occurrence, however with properly trained maintainers the event of a maintenance related failure can be greatly reduced. I will explain the roles of the Quality Assurance (Q UA) and Production Control (PC) sections of maintenance.I will further explain what needs to be required for a shop to run feely and introduce you to examples of FOOD (Foreign Objects of Debris/Damage) and the threat they pose to aircraft as well as many lives that encounter them. Shop safety plays an Important role In succeeding the goals of aviation safety. The work that any individual shop performs can turn catastrophic In the air due to safety negligence. It is imperative that all shop personnel are properly trained and certified in their areas of expertise.Ensuring that employees are familiar with the operation of their tools and using the proper PEP (Personal Protective Equipment) can erroneously reduce the risk of injury within the shop. In many areas of the aviation maintenance industry there is also exposure to hazardous chemicals and materials. Requiring employees to use all PEP In accordance with each chemical/ material's MESS (Material safety Data sheet) will reduce the risk of getting cancer and having other serious health problems throughout time. One of the biggest threats to aircraft today is the presence of FOOD (Foreign Objects of Debris/Damage).One of the most widely known cases of FOOD-related accidents that have taken place In the recent year Is jetliners flying into a flock of birds. There have been many Instances In which these large planes have struck birds therefore causing one or more of their engines to go out or malfunction. Although natural threats of FOOD cannot always be prevented, there are many things that can be done as an aircraft maintainer to prevent an accident due to negligence. Maintaining accountability of the tools you take on and off the aircraft and practicing clean work play a huge role in the prevention of FOOD-related accidents.It is always good to keep In your mind the burden you will face due to your act of negligence and that any debris left behind could cause a catastrophic failure. N any company there can be a vast number to aircraft in their delete. T Production Control office is responsible for the scheduling of phases. A phase is a period where an individual aircraft is due in for maintenance. Each aircraft has its own specified periods for phase and is scheduled in accordance to that aircraft's technical manual, based on the number of flight hours.It is important to have an updated schedule as things change and to avoid having too many aircraft in maintenance than the company can handle at once. With an overload of work you face the increased risk of safety concerns. The personnel that comprise the Production Control office play a key role in maintaining a safe working pace for the maintainers and understand the elevated risk when things fall out of schedule. Although every component of a company in the aviation maintenance industry is important, the most important is the technical inspectors who make up the Quality Assurance section of the company.These inspectors have to have a va st knowledge of the work that is performed on each aircraft. After a maintainer completes their task, the inspector must follow behind ensuring that everything was done in accordance to that aircraft's technical manual. They must then verify that the quality of the work performed meets all specifications. Finally, they must verify that there is not any FOOD left on the aircraft before the task can be signed off as good. The Quality Assurance office is ultimately responsible for every repair done to the aircraft as they sign each individual task off.However in all reality every person involved, from the maintainer to the technical inspector, is responsible for enforcing safety procedures. They are responsible for making sure that the aircraft we fly in everyday are safely maintained and safe to fly. After reading this essay I hope that you have a better understanding of the importance of safety in the aviation industry. The effects of negligence can be vastly reduced when people are more knowledgeable in the subject, therefore reducing the amount of accidents caused by gelignite.

the best movie I have ever seen

In my personal opinion Avatar is the best movie I have ever seen. I loved everything about the movie, especially the state-of-the-art technology. When I first saw the trailer for Avatar there were no famous actors in it but the thing that did draw me into seeing it was the amazing scenery. Most of the scenery in the movie reminded me of a tropical rain forest except the rain forest literally jumps out at you. After I saw Avatar for the first time with my older brother and dad, I felt like walking outside and hugging a tree. The director James Cameron has been working on this film for more than 15 years and a budget over 300 million. James Cameron’s Avatar is like nothing you have ever seen. The movie unfolds on a digitally created world called Pandora, the craziest world you can’t even imagine. Huge rock formations hang miles above the ground with waterfalls running off them into the air; flowers that look out of this world hide in the ground if you so much as touch them; little floating flowers that swim through the air like little jellyfish off the sacred tree. Since the movie is in 3D most of this beautiful scenery dances before your eyes. On the beautiful plant of Pandora, humans seek to find mineral deposits of Petroleum which is worth more than diamonds. The problem is not finding the Petroleum it’s the native forest people called the Na‘Vi. The Na’Vi live in a tree that’s as big as a skyscraper, the huge tree is sitting on top of the richest Petroleum deposits. The military wants to take action to force the Na’Vi out of their homes but the scientists urge the military to let them try a more diplomatic approach before they take action. This is where the scientist recruits a young paraplegic soldier, Jake Sully (Sam Worthington), to infiltrate them by linking his mind to one of their bodies, genetically bred by the army for the purpose. They put Jake in a device that lets him control one of the Na’Vi bodies so he can move among their people and earn their trust. While all this is happening Jake is safe at the military base sitting in this machine for hours like a vegetable. The reason why they choose Jake for this assignment is because his older brother was on this mission but died. The military didn’t want to get rid of the avatar so they found his twin brother Jake to help. Jake acts as a spy for the humans learning the ways of the Na’Vi but in time falls in love with the Na’Vi princess, he starts to wonder if he’s really on the right side. Most movies that I see I can easily predict what was about to happen or going to happen in the future. But I could never have guessed most of the things that happened. When I saw Avatar it was like I was in this futuristic dream that I couldn’t escape from, not that I wanted to even leave for a second to go to the bathroom. I remember having to go to the bathroom really bad after drinking a large coke; I held it in for most of the movie until I couldn’t any longer. Avatar has been nominated for 9 Oscar awards. Those nominations are best art direction, best cinematography, best directing, best film editing, best original score, best picture, best sound editing, best sound mixing and best visual effects. There were no performance nominations; I’m not surprised at this because the visual effects and graphics are what draw you in to see the movie. In my opinion the acting wasn’t good or bad it was just ok. I think this movie would have done much better than it has if Cameron higher some better known actors such as Leonardo Dicaprio. Above all I would highly recommend going to see this big-budget mainstream film. If you can go to the loudest, biggest, brightest theater you can find and if you go deaf or blind from seeing this movie it will be well worth it.

Pierre de Fermat essays

Pierre de Fermat essays There once was a man who changed the world of mathematics. He did not study math nor was it his career, in fact, he enjoyed math as merely a hobby to enjoy in his free time. This man is a French man named Pierre de Fermat (pronounced Fair-mah). Fermat is a very interesting mathematician who paved the way to understanding calculus and geometry. Fermat, considered one of the greatest mathematicians in the seventeenth century, was born in Beaumont-de-Lomagne, France on August 17, 1601. His father was a wealthy leather merchant who was also the second consul of Beaumont-de-Lomagne and his mothers family was in the legal professions. Fermat was not an only child for he also had a brother and two sisters. He was very courteous and kind which had proven helpful in a dispute with Descartes, which concluded with a friendly smile. Fermat grew up in his place of birth and is believed to have gone to school at a local Franciscan Monastery and is also believed have been home schooled as well. He later attended the University of Toulouse and then later moved to Bordeaux and it was here where he began his interest in mathematics. After that, he went to the University of Orleans where he received his Bachelors Degree in law, ending his school years. He had a love for mathematics but did not let his love completely take his time a way from his practice. He had many offices in the Toulouse government. He moved from the lower chambers to the higher chambers and was eventually head of the criminal court or the highest position in the Toulouse criminal court. When he retired he devoted most of his time to his hobby, mathematics. Fermat made many contributions to not only the world of mathematics but to optics as well for he provided a law for light travel. He proved mathematically that the law for the refraction of light follows a path that takes the shortest amount of time. Fermat and Pascal worked together ...

Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia Essay Sample

Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia Essay Sample Childhood Childhood The problem of schizophrenia remains one of the most important psychosomatic problems in the modern psychiatry and requires more multidisciplinary research. Schizophrenia is a brain disorder, which manifests in abnormal mental functions and behavior. Schizophrenia is characterized by the severe psychotic symptoms, such as various forms of nonsense (false beliefs), hallucinations (false perception), frustration of thinking, extremely disorganized behavior, a catatonia (motor dysfunctions: from over excitation to a full immovability), the extremely inadequate or poor emotional reactions (flat affect), and also considerable deteriorations or social functioning violations. Childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) is similar to regular schizophrenia, however it appears at early age. It is one of the most severe forms of schizophrenia, but is not an independent disease. At present, the psychosis, which begins in children up to 10 year old, is defined as COS. Moreover, the psychosis is divided i nto the subgroups according to the age of a child accepted in pediatrics, such as the early childhood until 3 years old, pre-preschool age from 3 to 5 years and preschool from 5 to 7 years (Addington Rapoport, 2009, p. 156; Bartlett, 2014, p. 736). The given research paper describes the prevalence rates and risk factors of COS, its diagnostic criteria, clinical characteristics, as well as prevention of the disease. COS Prevalence Rates According to Bartlett (2014), the prevalence rates variate in different regions of the globe. The COS prevalence rates, extremely rarely found among children up to 12, increase in teenage years and reach its critical point at the age of 20-25: The prevalence of COS makes from 0.14 to 1.0 cases per 10 000 children; Schizophrenia occurs among the adults 100 times more often than among children; COS at earlier age (2-4 years) in boys happens twice more often than in girls. However, the specified distinctions between genders disappear at teenage years (Bartlett, 2014, p. 742). The general risk of the disease is 0.4 0.6% (4-6 cases per 1000 people). Boys and girls get sick equally, however, the prevalence of the disease in boys is explained by the general biological vulnerability of males to the neurological disorders, or different etiology (origin) of the processes in boys and girls. In adulthood, schizophrenia is met more often among the representatives of the lowest social and economic segments of the population. The symptoms in children with COS occur in the representatives of various cultures, ethnos and racial groups (Naguy Al-Mutairi, 2015). COS Risk Factors The biological conditions, family, social and cultural factors as well as drug use and alcoholism are among the risk factors of COS. At the early stage of the neuronal development, including during pregnancy, the causal factors can increase the risk of the future development of the disease. In this regard, the COS risk is dependent on a birth season, indicating that the disorder is more often observed in children born in winter and spring. Moreover, the prenatal infections increase risk, thus confirming the direct connection of the disease with the developmental disorders. Childhood-onset schizophrenia is a hereditary (familial) disease. However, the fact that not both monogerminal twins become sick in all schizophrenia cases says that not only genetic factors affect the probability of the development of schizophrenia in children. The non-genetic factors, including infections, toxins, trauma and stress during prenatal and post-natal development, also play a role in causing schizophrenia, apparently, having more mediated impact on the neurologic development (Bartlett, 2014, p. 735; Starling Feijo, 2012, p. 2). The modern views on the causes of COS are based on the vulnerability stress model, which focuses on the role of the interaction between a child’s predisposition and stressful and protective factors. The predisposition factors include a genetic risk, defects of the central nervous system, lack of the conditions necessary for training or pathological forms of family relations. The events increasing the probability of schizophrenic episodes, such as a death of a close relative, or sources of a chronic stress, such as ill-treatment of a child in a family, belong to stressors. The protective factors include the conditions reducing the probability of schizophrenic episodes in children belonging to a risk group. These factors include a highly developed intelligence, social skills or a favorable situation in a family (Addington Rapoport, 2009, p. 157). The vulnerability stress model emphasizes the role of the neuropathology in developing schizophrenia at early age. Moreover, it is confirmed by the data, which proves that psychotic symptoms expressed in motor and cognitive deficiencies and disorders of a social interaction are found in babies and children earlier than the psychosomatic symptoms, expressed in the motor and cognitive deficits and violations of the social interconnections. The neuropsychological researchers testify that attention and information processing deficiency found in the adults with schizophrenia are characteristic for the children with COS. Moreover, the record of the brain activity during the performance of such tasks testifies to the existence of the limited ability to process cognitively the information (Starling Feijo, 2012, p. 4). There is a strong influence of the genetic factors on the COS probability, which even exceeds the probability of a disease at mature age. In particular, the quantity of COS cases among the relatives of sick children approximately twice exceeds the number of the cases affecting the relatives of the adults sick with schizophrenia. This data in general confirms that COS is the most severe form of schizophrenia (Addington Rapoport, 2009, p. 158). Among the social factors, there is a stable correlation between the COS risk and the urbanization degree. The social factors include a low social status, including poverty, migration caused by social disparities, racial discrimination, problematic families, a high level of unemployment and bad living conditions. The mockeries and injuring experiences in the childhood also promote the future development of schizophrenia. The parental education does not pose a risk of COS, but the broken relationship characterized by a lack of support can make its contribution. In addition, loneliness is one of the social factors of COS (Naguy Al-Mutairi, 2015). COS occurs in all cultural, social and economic classes. There is a larger number of children with schizophrenia in lower social and economic sectors of society. This fact is explained by the downward drift hypothesis, according to which sick people either move to the lower classes, or cannot get into the higher due to the disease. The stresses endured by the representatives of the lower class are the factors promoting the development of schizophrenia. Thus, that social stresses have an impact on the development of COS (Naguy Al-Mutairi, 2015). Immigration, industrialization and tolerance to abnormal behavior existing in certain sectors of society have an impact on the etiology of schizophrenia. The high prevalence of COS among recent immigrants can cause the change of the cultural features, which, being a stressful factor contributes to the development of the disease. In addition, the spread of schizophrenia in the developing countries is caused by the interaction with more advanced equipment and culture. Some types of culture can be more or less prone to schizophrenia depending on how a patient mentally perceives stress, what his role is or what social protection system is, and how complex social communications are. Schizophrenia has more favorable forecast in less developed nations. COS and drug addiction are connected, and do not allow to trace the relationships of cause and effect with ease. There is an evidence that certain drugs are capable to cause the disease in some teenagers or to provoke the next attack. Amphetamines and alcohol stimulate the emission of dopamine, and the excess of a dopaminergic activity causes the psychotic symptomatology in schizophrenia. In addition, the excessive use of hallucinogenic and excitants can provoke COS (Starling Feijo, 2012, p. 8). COS Diagnostic Criteria and Clinical Characteristics The initial stages of COS can be manifested in a child’s inability to concentrate his/her attention, a sleep disorder, difficulty to study and avoidance of communication. The development of disease can be characterized by the incoherent speech; besides, a child can start seeing or hearing what people around cannot. After the progressing periods, may appear severest recurrence characterized by the incoherent thinking when a child starts jumping from one thought to another one without any logical communication. During the psychotic phases of COS, children can be convinced that they possess superhuman abilities or that some people constantly watch them. During a psychotic attack, a patient can start behaving in an unpredictable way, sometimes tending to aggression or a suicide (Naguy Al-Mutairi, 2015). The clinical manifestations of the disease at the age of 1- 3 are mainly presented by the monotonous excitement, circle walking, impulsiveness, unmotivated laughter and tears, run in the uncertain direction, etc. At late preschool age, the thinking disorders in the form of the nonsense-like imagination can appear. After the age of 12, schizophrenia is characterized with hallucinatory and crazy manifestations, though these symptoms can appear at the earlier age. The most severe form of COS is characterized by the alternation of the periods of motive excitement and immobility with the disintegration of the speech (a catatonic form). At teenage years, the hebephrenic form of the disorder is characterized by emotional emasculation, silliness, ridiculous â€Å"clownish† behavior and incoherent speech (Starling Feijo, 2012, p. 6). The lack of emotions when voice and look do not change in the situations assuming the emotional response is another manifestation of COS. The events, which force a healthy person to laugh or cry, do not cause any reaction in children with COS. The defective intelligence, characteristic to children, whose schizophrenic process arose at the stages of the formation of informative abilities during the first years of life, is the most severe complication of COS. The signs of the disorder should be observed continuously, for at least 6 months. In addition, after the emergence of the frustration signs in a child such symptoms as an essential lowering of the level of functioning in one or several areas, or inability to achieve the expected level of results in the interpersonal, educational or professional sphere are observed. The explanation of the observed disorders with mood, schizoaffective disorder, the use of any preparations or chemicals, and the general state of health should be excluded. In the presence of the diagnosis of autism or other severe diseases caused by developmental disorders, the additional diagnosis of schizophrenia can be made only if nonsense or hallucinations continue to occur for a month. The use of the general diagnostic criteria of schizophrenia for children and adults facilitates the comparison of COS and the schizophrenia at mature age and allows defining the cases in which the continuous course of disease throughout the entire period of individual development takes place. However, schizophrenia can be revealed differently depending on age. In particular, nonsense, hallucinations and formal thinking disorders occur extremely rarely and, thus, are unable to diagnose the disease up to the age of 7 (Starling Feijo, 2012, p. 6). The rejection of age distinctions when using the diagnostic criteria of schizophrenia can lead to the incorrect diagnosis of COS in children. However, the full form of disease does not develop until a more mature age. The other factors connected with the individual development can also matter, when making the diagnosis of schizophrenia. In particular, it is sometimes difficult to draw the line between such pathological symptoms as the nonsense and usual imaginations caused by the phantasies characteristic to many young children. In addition, it is necessary to consider the fact that unlike adults, young children do not feel discomfort and disorganizing character of the psychotic symptoms. Therefore, if they emerge at early stages of development, children may not distinguish them from the normal experiences. COS Prevention The modern prevention of mental diseases includes the concepts of primary and secondary prevention. The primary prevention of children’s schizophrenia as an endogenous disease is quite problematic. Nevertheless, the modern data on the genetic risk of COS allow giving the relevant advice on the prevention or interruption of pregnancy. Another prerequisite of the COS primary prevention includes the data of many children’s psychiatrists on the frequency of exogenous harm in the early anamnesis of the COS patients (pre-natal, perinatal and early post-natal harm). Therefore, the measures connected with health protection of pregnant women, obstetric aid improvement, and also strengthening of the health of newborns and children of early age can be conditionally related to the primary prevention of COS (Naguy Al-Mutairi, 2015; DeVylder, 2015). The COS’s psychogenesis includes the dependence of this disease on the surrounding microsocial environment, emotional deprivation, common accommodation with COS patients, etc. The measures directed on the improvement of environment and the prevention of the psychologically difficult and stressful situations are related to the COS secondary prevention (DeVylder, 2015). At present, there are no reliable markers capable to predict the development of schizophrenia. However, there are the researches estimating the possibility of the future diagnosis through the combination of genetic factors and the psychosis-like experiences. The children belonging to the high-risk group, which assumes the existence of the transit or the self-checked psychotic experiences against the family history of schizophrenia, are diagnosed with COS within a year with the probability of 20-40% chance. Various methods of psychotherapy and medicines are capable to reduce the COS development among the children of a high-risk group (Naguy Al-Mutairi, 2015). The diagnosis of COS is an area of scientific knowledge much discussed in the middle 20th century. The given research paper showed that the symptoms of the subsequent development of schizophrenia can be revealed at early stages of a child’s development. The process started in the first critical period leads to the profound changes in the ontogenesis of a child. Thus, the development of COS depends on the nature of interaction of the enduring psychobiological vulnerabilities, environmental and biological stressors, protective factors caused by the nature of a child’s development and favorable family conditions. Despite the genetic predisposition to schizophrenia, the probability of the schizophrenic episodes is high only when a person is also exposed to rather strong influence of the stressful factors, and has no sufficient resources to resist the disease.

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